Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Heart of DarknessBy Joseph Conrad&9The novel Heart of Darkness, was written by a populace named Joseph Conrad in 1894. Conrad was born December 3, 1857 into a family of polish decent in the northern Ukraine. The backgrounds of his family members consisted of a father that was an avid translator of Shakespeare as well as poet, along with a mother, that while was prone to illness still was well read and very intelligent. When Conrad was five, his father was exiled into a prison camp in Yankee Russia for alleged revolutionist plots against the government. Due to the harsh conditions of the prison, Conrads mother died within three years and his father four years later. It was the closing of his father that send Joseph into a fit of melancholy, and it was within this sadness that Joseph turned to writing to ease his grief and carried his pain and suffering into almost of his novels. After finishing his education in Krakow, Poland, Joseph went to sea, and from there sailed on and off for the next twenty years. These twenty years were the basis if not the absolute pure nautical theme that flows throughout many an(prenominal) of his novels. Stories such as Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness are based upon true to life experiences that Joseph had while at sea. Another unique aspect of Conrads writing, would be the lack of simple romance within all of his novels. This lack of emotional passion is most likely due to a drastic retire affair when he was 17 that ended with an attempt to end his own life. Of Conrads many works some include Nostromo, Typhoon, The Secret Agent, and perhaps his most famous work Chance, which made him an instant celebrity within literary circles. From his world-renowned success, Conrad became very rich, and paraded himself as the typical aristocratic high-hat, and for the most part was allowed to play this role, until his death in 1524 from a heart attack. He died and was buried at his home in Canterbury, England. &9Within the actual story, He art of Darkness, Conrad takes us into the mind and ethical motive of a sailor named Marlow as he treks through the literal "Heart of Darkness." This actual land is found deep within the dark jungles of the Congo River surface area of Africa, and serves as the central setting for this story.

Essay on Justice vs. Morality in Measure for Measure and Merchant of Ve

Justice vs. Morality in treasure for Measure and Merchant of Venice there are many similarities shared between Shakespeares plays, Measure for Measure, and The Merchant of Venice. The underlying theme of apiece work is well defined by the explicate Justice without the temperance of mercy, is power misused. I will support this claim by drawing upon some of the characters and situations that are consistent in each story. In each story a mans bread and butter depends on the interpretation, and sanctioning of justice. In the, Merchant of Venice, Antonio (who I believe represents mercy), had sealed a bond with moneylender offering a pound of his flesh for the loan of three thousand ducats. Unfortunately he forfeits this bond, (Merchant III,ii) Sweet Bassanio, my ships have all miscarried.... my bond to the Jew is forfeit..... Shylock (who to the rigid letter of the law represents justice), is unyielding to any type of compassion and desires nonhing other than what he feels is jus tice, (Merchant III,iii) Ill have my bond... beware my fangs. The Duke shall grant me justice.... In, Measure for Measure, it is Cladio (representing mercy), whose life hangs in the balance of law and morality. Cladio has slept with Julietta out of wedlock, (Measure I,ii) I got possession of Juliettas bed... she is fast my wife... Save that we do the denunciation lack.... For this crime Angelo (who in place of the duke, representing justice), much as Shylock, desires that Cladios sentence be carried out exactly as stated by the law, (Measure II,i) Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus Another thing to fall... Sir, he must faint. In both cases the guilty parties have committed a crime punishable by death, additionally each man also r... ... of the law, and by not yielding to human decency and compassion, Shylock would have been given his just deserts. The same was true for Angelo who desired Cladios head as the unaltered law required. It certainly seems to me, that Mr.. Shakespear e was scarce stating that in within the realms of these plays one could easily say that Justice without the temperance of mercy, is power misused. Works Cited Black, James. The Unfolding of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare Survey 26 (1973) 119-28. Leech, Clifford. The Meaning of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare Survey 3 (1950) 69-71. Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. The Arden Shakespeare. Ed. J.W. Lever. London Routledge, 1995. Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. The Riverside Shakespeare. Eds. G. Blakemore Evans and J. J. M. Tobin. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997.

Intellectual Property, Copyright, Authorship, and Individuality in Music and Print Culture :: Intellectual Property Copyright Authorship

Intellectual Property, Copyright, Authorship, and Individuality in Music and Print Culture When the alphabet was invented, spoken epics could be converted into an abstract representation - writing. The pay back of the spoken epic poem could be transformed into written format. Although books can be read aloud and therefore retain some similarity to the common nature of the oral tradition, books can also be read silently in solitude, emphasizing the individual reader. Among the many functions that Roger Chartier has attributed to the figure of the rootage is not only(prenominal) the role of creator to the content, but also to appropriate ownership of that creation to whomever owns the property rights to that content (36). Copyright law protects the specific manifestations of ideas and facts, but not those ideas and facts themselves. When remembrance was no longer used to experience memory, individual occasions came to be recognized as readers became less participatory in the process of getting meaning from the work. The author as creator became an individual who gave meaning to an audience fragmented by the ability of the written word to separate its readers from one another. The author serves as a meeting point for individual readers to receive meaning, whereas in pre-literate times, this meaning would have been constructed by a the entire group in the immediacy of the performance. In scathe of property ownership, one parallel in music was the development of an agreed upon system of notes, scales, and representations of musical sounds and timings. This musical alphabet was necessary to write down heaps of music, whether the ancient Egyptians music of the spheres or Beethovens Ninth Symphony. It serves to organize noise into a format that is accepted as the creation of a musician. As Albert Borgmann writes, The identity and unity of a piece of music can be underwritten by a score only if there is a complete and authoritative score (94). Th is gist that a written account of a performed piece is only equal in validity to the performed piece if some amount of authority is granted the former. The composer/author of the piece serves as the source of this authority. However, if there is no score, the identity and integrity of the piece must lie in its performance. In this case, it is the performers of the actual song that charge its integrity, and this has implications that undermine the functions of the author.

Summer 2005 :: Creative Writing Essays

It was finally here, the last day of instruct For me, the last day of school was like being an emancipated slave. I was one of those kids that never liked school (I did pretty well though) and would much rather spend the day at basis helping my mother around the house. For that reason, summertime was always my favorite time of the stratum (I even liked it more than Christmas time) I got up more excited about a day of school than ever before. I got washed and my mom put my hair into two neat puff balls. The year was 2005 and I was seven years old. Back then most girls in my class had their hair relaxed, but not me It was fine though because I aspect that my puffs made me look like Penny (Janet Jacksons character on Good Times). Well the walk to school had never been as pleasant as it was that day. As I skipped down the rugged blocks and across the rusty train tracks I thought about the oncoming freedom, and the thought had me singing in exultation. Once at school, we received al l of our work back nothing but stickers reciting praise. Report card straight As. What a start to a wonderful summer The bells of freedom finally rung at 200 p.m. and the halls of Mary McLeod Bethune Elementary School were in uproar. I ran outside to the school grand piano proclaiming that I had gotten straight As. Grown-ups that I didnt even know were saying Good job, Harold needs tips from you, Gloria, that is the kind of friend you need. My companion and sister and I raced home through the train tracks and the alley way. We all could not wait to enjoy the start of the summer. As soon as we got home we changed from our school clothes to our play clothes (we did that faithfully) and went right back outside. All of my neighbors were outside setting up for the annual 9th street block party. I was specially excited about that, because Ive never been to one, and this year my parents agreed to let us go. Mr. King, our block captain was outside decorating the block with flags and bann ers. Everybody loved Mr. King he was the mastermind behind anything good that ever happened on our small block. He was a tall, thin, middle-aged man who always wore an army green hat and kept a toothpick in his mouth.

Character of Penelope in Homers Odyssey Essays -- Homer, Odyssey Essa

The Character of genus Penelope in The Odyssey My lady, there is no man in the wide humanness who could find fault with you. For your fame has reached broad heaven itself, like that of some illustrious king.(Page 289,Book 19, The Odyssey) Penelope played one of the most vital roles in Homers timeless clean The Odyssey, as both Odysseuss patient and loving wife and as the Queen of Ithaca. Her great love for Odysseus is most powerfully shown with her persistence in waiting cardinal years for her husband to return over the wine dark sea rather than losing all hope and marrying another. Penelope has a strong and constant character, and her temperament changes very little throughout The Odyssey. Since there are so few mortal women featured in The Odyssey, Penelope can be perhaps seen as an ideal figure to represent all noblewomen within the Greek world. Although women were to the most part seen as possessions they could still be highly respec... ...assical Greek Art, pp. 29-58. Ric hard Brilliant, Kirkes Men Swine and Sweethearts, pp. 165-73. Helene Foley, Penelope as Moral Agent, in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York Vintage Books, 1989. Marilyn Arthur Katz, Penelopes Renown Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey (Princeton 1991). Nancy Felson-Rubin, Regarding Penelope From Courtship to Poetics (Princeton 1994).

Character of Penelope in Homers Odyssey Essays -- Homer, Odyssey Essa

The Character of Penelope in The Odyssey My lady, there is no man in the gigantic world who could find fault with you. For your fame has reached broad heaven itself, like that of some illustrious king.(Page 289,Book 19, The Odyssey) Penelope played one of the most vital roles in Homers fadeless classic The Odyssey, as both Odysseuss patient and loving wife and as the Queen of Ithaca. Her great love for Odysseus is most powerfully shown with her persistence in delay nineteen years for her husband to return over the wine dark sea rather than losing all hope and marrying another. Penelope has a strong and aeonian character, and her personality changes very little throughout The Odyssey. Since there are so few mortal women featured in The Odyssey, Penelope can be mayhap seen as an ideal figure to represent all noblewomen within the Greek world. Although women were to the most part seen as possessions they could still be highly respec... ...assical Greek Art, pp. 29-58. Richard Bri lliant, Kirkes manpower Swine and Sweethearts, pp. 165-73. Helene Foley, Penelope as Moral Agent, in Beth Cohen, ed., The Distaff Side (Oxford 1995), pp. 93-115. Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York Vintage Books, 1989. Marilyn Arthur Katz, Penelopes Renown Meaning and Indeterminacy in the Odyssey (Princeton 1991). Nancy Felson-Rubin, Regarding Penelope From Courtship to Poetics (Princeton 1994).

Growth and Development of Tourism in Australia since World War II Essay

This is a short but informative discourse on the emersion and ripening of tourerry in Australia since World fight II. The archetypal few segments will focus on the history of Australia as a nation in effect to provide a solid background for the inherent factors which contribute to the growth and arrestment of touristry in Australia. The second segment will briefly bring out the Australian economy to show the benefits that have been derived from the tourism boom in Australia. Fin each(prenominal)y, the last segment shall carefully identify and explain the major factors that have contributed to this tourism surge in Australia since World War II.Brief History of Australia Australia mainly known for its picturesque surroundings is more than meets the eye. Australia boasts of a rich history nether the rule of the British and enviable living conditions for its citizens (Pike, 2002). However, Australia was not always standardized this. Before the arrival of Western influences, I ndigenous Australians inhabited the mainland but eventually European explorers set foot on Australia. The most notable explorer, pile Cook mapped out the east coast of Australia and claimed this piece of Australia as a British Colony.The contributions of James Cook were integral in the establishment of a penal colony in New South Wales. The British territories grew larger with more and more discoveries of Australias mainland. The influx of the British caused the decline in the population of the Indigenous Australians (Pike, 2002). Slowly, the British colonies in Australia governed themselves while remaining under the British Empire. The British Empire precisely controlled foreign affairs, international shipping, and defense.A decade of planning, consultation, and voting gave rise to the Commonwealth of Australia on January 1, 1905 (Mason, 2003). The new country took advantage of all its natural resources to rapidly develop into an agricultural and manufacturing country taking into consideration its strategic location. World War I started to brew across the Europe and Australia was willing to take part in the war (Pike 2002). Enlistments were abundant which caused the industries and trade agreements of Australia were disrupted because of the war.Trade agreements with Germany were put to a halt consequently Australia had to find other means to address their needs of steel. equal in any war, profiteering occurred and the ordinary people could not even purchase the basic utilities (Mason, 2003). However, at the end of the War, Australia managed to produce more products than ever before, which contributed to the growth of the nation. power of World War II on Australia World War II made Australia purchase products which could have easily been produced thus the war was a considerable boon to Australia.The restrictions of rationing imposed by the regimen allowed personal savings to extend. There was in addition full employment during the war since manpower wa s being use for essential industries. Australia was more prepared for World War II than it was for World War I. World War II did affect Australia. Migration revolution began which led to multiculturalism kinda of White Australia. The government was so afraid to be invaded that it back up the influx of refugees and dis ordinated families from Europe.Consequently, Australia evolved into a country of mixed races and mixed cultures (Pike, 2002). Ties amidst Australia and the British Empire were formally severed with the passing of Australia Act 1986. This act severed any rule of the British Empire in the Australian states. Australia now rules itself and is developed country environ by the developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region (Mason, 2003). The Australian Economy Australia is a very prosperous nation. It boasts of ranking third in the UN Human Development Index 2006, which indicates that Australia is a developed country.It beat the United States and even the United Kingdo m. Australia was only surpassed by Norway and Iceland. Australia developed from a country with an industry focusing on wool to a country that has numerous industries in sectors ranging from trade to agriculture (Macfarlane, 1998). In 1850, Australia focused on the wool industry but with the discovery of gold in 1850-1860, the government passed a bill that encouraged the manufacturing and construction. Since the gold resources were being stressed by the immigration, wool resumed its position as the economic power in 1860.The decade between 1880 and 1890 saw a cracking rise in foreign investment but foreign investors grew concerned about the returns that Australia could supply thus, Australia experienced a great depression by 1890. The world wars encouraged Australia to produce more products thus sectors like agriculture increases (Parham, 2002). Now, wool was not the only contributor in the economic strength of Australia. An injection of foreign investment allowed the development o f Australia also contributing to the economic growth of the country.The beginning of World War II marked the consummation of increased productivity or the big boom (Parham, 2002). Manufacturing became a huge part of the economy. Import restrictions allowed the manufacturing sector to grow. However, foreign investors noticed the manufacturing sector could not increase productivity and investment declined in this sector. This did not affect the growth of the economy since the mining industry to exploit the natural resources of the country was being established and encouraged an increase in foreign investment. The Australian Stock Exchange was established in 1987.Government run industries like Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and Quantas were privatized. The Labor markets were deregulated and reforms like the Goods and Services Tax were implemented. All these contribute to a solid economic status that Australia enjoys (Burns, 2006). tourism in Australia As shown in the graph presented below (See graph 1), the revenues that Australia earns from tourism accounts for a authoritative portion of its GDP. In line with this, the Australian government has slowly developed the growth of the Tourism industry in the country. almost of these plans include the development of infrastructure to foster sustainable tourism and the shift to more ecotourism which accounts for a major part of Australian tourism (Edgel, 2006). Since World War II, the Australian government has been trying to encourage the growth of the tourism industry by taking advantage of the vast natural resources and exotic scenery. At the present, the tourism industry accounts for 4. 7% of Australias GDP. It is also the reason for 11. 2% of Australias export earnings and the employment 6% of the rangeforce in Australia (Elliot, 1997).The vast region that is home to a significant number of unique flora and fauna also accounts for the growth of the tourism industry in Australia. Major Factors Contributing to Tourism Surge in Australia Perhaps the greatest factor contributing to the growth of the Australian Tourism industry since the World War II was a work ethic that was long in place, even before the occurrence of World War II. In the early 1900s, the Australian Urban Trade Unions adopted an octonary (8) hour work day accompanied by eight (8) hours of rest and most importantly, eight (8) hours of recreation (Burns, 2006).This was an important development in the growth of local anaesthetic tourism and even international tourism because it emphasized the relevance of leisure and recreation and made travel and tourism an integral part of Australian culture. This role of culture and thinking prompted the creation of new tourist destinations for the local residents. This led to the development of railroads which in turn led to greater access to most of Australias national parks (Herremanns, 2006). The developed that ensued not only made tourism accessible to the urban dwellers but eventu ally opened up tourism to all sectors of society.The development of coastal parks began soon after this. Inland and outland tourist destinations also soon flourished because of the development of the infrastructure in Australia (Chon, 2000). Nina Mistilis, in her work entitle Public Infrastructure Development for Tourism in Australia A Critical Issue (2004), is of the opinion that the past and present growth of the tourism industry in Australia is largely dependent on the infrastructure projects undertaken by the Australian government.For tourism to continue its growth, public infrastructure projects such as roads and rails, ports and airports must be developed to accommodate more traffic and also allow better access to other areas in Australia. Another major factor in the growth and development of tourism in Australia was the amount of leisure time and greater disposable income as a result of the Second World War (Elliot, 1997). The first change was the gradual institution of terz etto (3) weeks holiday as a standard.This allowed more of the domestic tourists to enjoy their vacations in Australia and visit places that were farther away from their hometowns thus expanding the tourist sites (Herremanns, 2006). Aside from the increased holiday and leisure period after the war, more and more Australians owned motor vehicles due to the greater disposable income that was available. This meant that the three (3) weeks holidays could be enjoyed more as the availability of alternative modes of transportation permitted tourists to explore other tourist destinations all throughout the continent (Mason, 2003).International tourism, which accounts for a significant portion of the tourism industry of Australia, also contributed to the development of tourism after the Second World War as it made Australia a viable place to travel to (Burns, 2006). In the early 1980s and 1990s when Japan and America had turned into powerhouse economies that possessed strong currencies, parti cularly against the Australian dollar, international tourism skyrocketed (Herremanns, 2006).The profitable short package tours, which accounted for majority of the tourism packages sold, featured trips to the iconic symbols of Australia such as the Koala Bear, Ayers rock and the Great Barrier take down (Herremanns, 2006). These short package tours were particularly significant however as they increased the marketability of Australian tourism and also strengthened the association of those symbols with Australia and thus increasing visibleness and identity on a global scale (Mason, 2003).The local economy invariably profited from these also as the short package tours generated a lot of income and also increased souvenir item sales. This economic growth increased the per capita earnings of the population in these local attractions and also improved the overall condition of the tourist attractions as the added source of funding and income allowed improvements to be made to the local i nfrastructure (Mistilis, 2004). Another important phase in the growth and development of tourism in Australia since World War II was the development of ecotourism (Edgel, 2006).The vast natural resources and natural land attractions of Australia, not to mention the rich and unique flora and fauna that burst in the national parks, make it an ideal place for ecotourism (Pike, 2002). Backpaking soon became a major source of revenue for the local tourist destinations. Because ecotourism promotes the overall growth of the community, long term benefits were provided to the local populace to achieve what is known as sustainable tourism (Edgel, 2006). This also allowed for the preservation of the local cultures that make Australia and unique and enjoyable tourist experience, be if as part of a group or alone.

Illuminati Essay

On the first experiment, they use a pepper-like substance called Potassium Permanganate (KMn04) which is an oxidant and an oil-like substance called Brake Fluid which is a fuel. When they combined these two substances in a stainless container, this results on having a little fire on the container. And they said it is because of the Chemical Reaction made by the two substances and the mixture should boot out energy in the form of heat thats why this results on combustion. At first, I thought that the Brake Fluid they employ is just a simple Cooking Oil and the Potassium Permanganate is just a pepper.But those simple substances I thought made an amazing experiment which makes me understand how heat was released by a Chemical Reaction. On the second experiment, the special substance they use is Dry Ice which is a Frozen Carbon Dioxide together with a balloon, funnel, trench mortar and pestle (to crush the Dry Ice) and a bottle with water. They crushed the Dry Ice first into small p ieces then they put in the funnel which is connected to the balloon, and after this they put the balloon with Dry Ice onto the bottle with water.They let the Dry Ice be poured into the water which results in Sublimation and the accelerator this made was used to flourish the balloon. This gas is called Carbon Dioxide. I already knew that a Dry Ice is a Frozen Gas, but I didnt know that this gas is a Carbon Dioxide which is commonly used to inflate a balloon. Before the experiment started, I knew that the combination of Dry Ice and water has something to do to inflate the balloon because Ive done this before with my siblings.On the third experiment, they used a wick, an aluminum tray, one spoon of salt peter (salitre), one spoon of colewort and lighter. First they combined the salt peter and sugar into the tray then they insert the wick. After that they light it using the lighter and this result on having a smoke-effect because of Oxidation. I have learned so many things on this e xperiment, first is that when the salt peter and sugar were heated, the electrons of the sugar were transferred to the salt peter. And that the molecules released with oxygen will be a smoke which we tail be seen.On the last experiment, Faye Young, a Prosthetics Artist made fake blood using water, corn syrup, liquid soap and food color, these liquids ar Miscible refers to two/more substances that can be dissolve into one another without separating. And she also did a fake finger using Clay which is a Malleable object, and she painted it with make-up foundation. I am amazed on how simple objects like Clay, Food Color, Liquid Soap, Corn Syrup and Water can be an effective additive on creating illusions or imitations of some parts of a human body (like fingers and blood).

Leading a Virtual Team Essay

Ellen Johnson had just completed her first month as manager for succesful company that provides a variety of web-based services and solutions. final stage week, she was informed that she would be the brand-new leader of a team up that included 10 individuals. To her surprise, not only were these team members diverse in terms of their serviceable training and expertise, but they also represented a variety of culture backgrounds and only collar were located in her office building. She quickly learned that 7 of 10 individuals actually worked from their home countries that included Japan, China, Mexico, Australia, Germany, Colombia, and Egypt.Up until this point, this virtual team collaborated on projects by using a variety of communication tools, including instant netmail messaging, telephone calls, videoconferencing, document sharing, and occasional coming togethers at head quaters. After reviewing some of the foregone meeting notes and communication transcripts among the chem ical group members, Johnson realized that many of the team members had in truth different communication styles and levels of proficiency in English. The teams new assignment was an important one.The 10 members call for to develop and roll out a new product within the six weeks. This was in direct response to a new product just by a major competitor. To stick matters, a six-week product development cycle was unheard of until this point, the companys turnaround time for a new product offering was approximately three months. The company had no choice. If they did not counter the competitive threat immediately, then the company risked losing some key customers and market share. Johnson researched the past performance of her newly communicable virtual team.Although the overall quality of past decisions was quite high, the team seemed to take several months to make those decisions. This was a likely problem for Johnson. Time was no womb-to-tomb a luxury. She has to figure out a way t o encourage the team to move faster without comprising quality. Through a combination of analyzing past team meeting notes and transcripts and speaking one-on-one with team members, she started to accumulate some facts that might be useful in solving the decision-making speed issue.First, Johnson discovered that the Japanese and Chinese team members did not participate much in the videoconferences or telephone conference call, but rather preferred written communication in the form of faxes and e-mail. In contrast, the Australian and Mexican team members seemed to thrive on telephone calls and face-to-face meetings. Second, there appeared to be some infighting among the three members of the group that were domiciled at headquaters. Most of the past arguments seemed to be about the groups goals and mission.Each had a very different idea in mind in terms of what the group needed to accomplish. The comments in written communications didnt get personal, but there were definitely heated d ebates about what objectives the group should be focusing on. The third potential obstacle to faster the decision making had to do with sporadic use of face-to-face meetings. To her surprise, Johnson discovered that such meetings rarely occured and that there was no attempt to postulate the group together when it was first formed last year.Johnson expected that the team would have met and perhaps engaged in some team building ferment to build trust and rapport among team members. This was not the case. In addition, the team did not receive any form of decision making or group conflict resolution training. Johnson sat back in her office and thought about the problem at hand. She needed to develop and launch a new product within six weeks. In order to produce a high-quality product, each of the 10 virtual team members had to contribute their knowledge and effort in a cooperative and timely manner.

Planning and enabling learning

Rationale The by-line is interrogation that I carried out Is relating to quartette mall points. The first being Negotiating with learners, when we first meet with a learner we conduct an Minimal opinion and a on line test for practicable skills, this allows us to check on previous discipline and any to a lower place planning knowledge they already have, therefore allowing us to make sure the learning leave alone be set at the right level for that particular learner.When we ar sure we know this we elicit discuss with the learner what targets we are discharge to set them, this would Include goals and actions we want them to reach, we want the learner to achieve so would make the targets SMART so they are achievable to the leaner, in turn this would overhaul to keep the learner motivated in the learning environment. Having started with the internet I looked at various sites detailing the abstract thought and methods of negotiating with learners in respect of initial minds and agreeing goals and actions.During my query I found a site detailing how negotiating with learners has changed over time in regards to higher education. This can, however, be considered for different areas of education. The website (www. Hacked. AC. UK) looks at a publication by Mac McCarthy for Higher Education for Cap cogency. (Originally from Lack et al 1992) Within in this it is considered how learning contracts are used.McCarthy considers the factors affecting negotiating with learners and believes the ability to negotiate is affected by * the establish view of education within an organization the established view of how the organization operates * personal factors which influence the extent to which the instructor feels comfortable negotiating with learners * the demands of the course which defines the limits of what can be negotiated and to what extent. inclusive learning Is the next subject for look for one that I conducted a micro teach for, this Is a huge subject a rea that I will try to condense Into a few words.Delivery methods I consider these to be valid and Interesting points plainly wanted to discover more ethos of negotiation, I therefore looked towards the Learning Skills Council for further education regarding the starting point of initial assessment. Wanting to gather more information on methods and reasoning for initial assessment I discovered a useful publication from them (Initial assessment, Learning Skills council. They state that a good initial assessment must be done primal on Planning and enabling learning By precociousnesss STALLS Assignment Unit 2 Jerry Tyler.The following is research that I carried out is relating to four master(prenominal) points. The first initial assessment and a on line test for functional skills, this allows us to check on previous learning and any under pinning knowledge they already have, thus allowing going to set them, this would include goals and actions we want them to reach, we what can be negotiated and to what extent. Inclusive learning is the next subject for research one that I conducted a micro teach for, this is a huge subject area that I will try to condense into a few words. Delivery methods I consider these to be valid and interesting points but wanted to discover morePlanning and enabling learningRationale The following is research that I carried out Is relating to four mall points. The first being Negotiating with learners, when we first meet with a learner we conduct an Minimal assessment and a on line test for functional skills, this allows us to check on previous learning and any under planning knowledge they already have, thus allowing us to make sure the learning will be set at the right level for that particular learner.When we are sure we know this we can discuss with the learner what targets we are going to set them, this would Include goals and actions we want them to reach, we want the learner to achieve so would make the targets SMART so they are achievable to the leaner, in turn this would help to keep the learner motivated in the learning environment. Having started with the internet I looked at various sites detailing the reasoning and methods of negotiating with learners in respect of initial assessments and agreeing goals and actions.During my research I found a site detailing how negotiating with learners has changed over time in regards to higher education. This can, however, be considered for other areas of education. The website (www. Hacked. AC. UK) looks at a publication by Mac McCarthy for Higher Education for Capability. (Originally from Lack et al 1992) Within in this it is considered how learning contracts are used.McCarthy considers the factors affecting negotiating with learners and believes the ability to negotiate is affected by * the established view of education within an organization the established view of how the organization operates * personal factors which influence the extent to which the teacher feels comfortable negotiating with learners * the demands of the course which defines the limits of what can be negotiated and to what extent. Inclusive learning Is the next subject for research one that I conducted a micro teach for, this Is a huge subject area that I will try to condense Into a few words.Delivery methods I consider these to be valid and Interesting points but wanted to discover more ethos of negotiation, I therefore looked towards the Learning Skills Council for further information regarding the starting point of initial assessment. Wanting to gather more information on methods and reasoning for initial assessment I discovered a useful publication from them (Initial assessment, Learning Skills council. They state that a good initial assessment must be done early on Planning and enabling learning By precociousnesss STALLS Assignment Unit 2 Jerry Tyler.The following is research that I carried out is relating to four main points. The first initial assessment and a o n line test for functional skills, this allows us to check on previous learning and any under pinning knowledge they already have, thus allowing going to set them, this would include goals and actions we want them to reach, we what can be negotiated and to what extent. Inclusive learning is the next subject for research one that I conducted a micro teach for, this is a huge subject area that I will try to condense into a few words. Delivery methods I consider these to be valid and interesting points but wanted to discover more

Boldwood’s Christmas party Essay

Bathsheba Everdene is the main character in a Thomas Hardy myth called Far From the Madding Crowd. Which is set in Wessex. Bathshebas character is along with many other things decisive, brisk, vain, businesslike, and independent. However you see her evolve through come out of the closet the book, mainly as a result of her marriage to vocal Troy. At the informant of the story Hardy seems to focus on her bad qualities, though you still see flock wishing to be married to her. Some good qualities are sh avouch as well like her thoughtful response to save Gabriels life. Her first demerit is vanity.This trait is mentioned in chapter one, almost everything else follows on from this. Vanity affects the way she behaves in a powerful way. Her vanity makes her annoyed and angry at not attracting Boldwoods attention. When she meets Frank Troy he plays up to her vanity by paying her compliments and showing her flirtatious affection. By the end of the story she shows that she has grown out of or overcome her vanity. Instead of wanting to stand out and have everyone looking at her, at Boldwoods Christmas party, she dresses down and wants to merge into the background.You batch excessively see she is not vain because when Boldwood praises her beauty the comments have no effect. Her life experiences have caused this change in her. The main life experience is her marriage to Frank Troy which affected her the most. She transforms from a confident character to a submissive and introverted figure she becomes less and less like her usual self. The first bell ringer you see of independence is fairly near the beginning in chapter three, when we see her riding the horse.Instead of doing it the conventional ladylike way we see her lie flavourless on her back on top of the horses back. This could be showing her independence and unconventional behaviour, this would tie in with an independent spirit overly wild. She likes to have independence so laterwards on in the story when t his is taken away from her we see her rely on Gabriel Oak. She always had her own independence, but when she got married she lost that independence and we see her seek advice and help from Gabriel Oak.At one point in the story she rejects Gabriels advice, but later on in chapter fifty four she asks for it. This shows a sizeable change in her personality. She once would have done her own thing and maybe correct sacked Gabriel for his advice whereas she now values both him and his opinion. Her independence continues to be shown throughout the rest if the story, even by and by her marriage to Frank Troy. Independence along with cartel is showed when she goes to the corn market and is the only woman there. Another characteristic shown is confidence with businesslike skills.An example of this would be when she takes it upon herself to sack her bailiff. I have formed a resolution to have no bailiff at all. Bathshebas confidence continues to be shown with her decision to pay the worker s herself in chapter ten. Bathsheba has a lot of confidence in herself. In short I shall astonish you all. This is said shortly after her decision to have no bailiff when she is convincing the staff that she can manage. The spoken language shows her self-confidence shining and her belief in her own ability.Towards the end of the novel we see her find an even balance between the overconfidence which she showed through the beginning of the novel which made her appear full of herself, compared with when she had little or no confidence and relied on Frank Troy, to finally become a person who can cope on her own but realises she cannot do everything to the best of her ability without assistance. Before we see her lose her self confidence she shows she believes in herself by sacking to the Corn Market, making her the only woman present.One thing bothers Bathsheba the fact that Boldwood is the only person who does not take notice of her. This lack of attention shows us how she craves to be the centre of attention you could even go as far as calling her an attention seeker. She will do silly antics in an onrush to attract peoples attention. For example the Valentines Day card. Bathsheba tries to make herself popular with everyone especially men this seems to be her biggest desire. In chapter thirteen she mischievously sends a Valentine card to Boldwood to attract his attention. This starts Bathshebas change.She wants people to notice her and does not sit around waiting she takes action for herself. The sending of the Valentines card shows her vain characteristic. A big characteristic she shows throughout is impulsiveness, she does things without thinking. The Valentines Day card is an example of this another example of this earlier in the book is when she chases Gabriel Oak after he had been wrongly informed that many men wanted her hand in marriage though she did not want to accept his proposal. She did not think that her actions would show this until after the c onversation her and Gabriel had.Many of her actions are on impulse she doesnt think things through first. Later on however she takes time to think about tramps grave and she decides to clean it up and replant the bulbs on it. This also shows she can be selfless. When Gabriel gives her advice early in the novel she decides she doesnt like what he has to say. She sacks him whilst she was angry and acting highly impulsively. This demonstrates how she doesnt want to face the truth even though she values his opinion later in the novel after the drowning of Frank Troy she relents asking him for his thoughts.

The Norton Anthology of African American Literature New York

booking agent T. Washington, during the 59 years of his life, rose up from being a slave until the duration of nine, to forming a school for African Americans and the education of thousands of African Americans in the pursuit of self sufficiency. Washington has overly been deemed as the most notable African American orator and courteous rights leader of his time. Coupled with the possession of friendships of very rich and powerful people, sympathetic to the realists belief of a self sufficient African American, booker T. Washington, in addition to his God given ability, is still kn ingest and studied to this very day.His influence at heart the African American community, during his living, as well as even now, cannot be overestimated. In one of the first ways in which Booker T. Washington began to make a name for him was in the building of the Tuskegee Institute. In 1881, under the recommendation of a number of influential people at the time Louis Adams and Samuel Armstrong, Booker T. bought the land from what used to be a plantation and began the construction of what would become, perhaps the most famous historically African American college in the country. The curriculum of the college was representative of the beliefs of Washington. He believed that former slaves and African Americans, who were to follow, would best serve their own interest and the advancement of the race by learning a trade and dispositioning themselves worthy of racial equality in the eyes of the discolor establishment. This governmental orientation was very different than the more firm and, in the view of most whites, abrasive attitude of W. E. B. Dubois who preached a more aggressive role in civil rights and in the advancement of the Black race.Washington believed that the African American would gain the most for their race, by focusing on learning a trade instead of befitting involved in politics and other, more prestigious careers. The construction of the Tuskegee Institut e put into practice, this ideology of self improvement. In Washingtons most famous works his autobiography, Up From Slavery, published in 1901, Washington recalled From the very beginning, at Tuskegee, I was determined to have the students do not only the agricultural and domestic help work, but to have them erect their own buildings.My plan was to have them, while performing this service, taught the latest and best methods of labour party, so that the school would not only beat up the benefit of their efforts, but the students themselves would be taught to see not only utility in labor, but beauty and dignity would be taught, in fact, how to lift labor up from mere drudgery and toil, and would learn to love work for its own sake. My plan was not to teach them to work in the old way, but to show them how to make the forces of nature air, water, steam, electricity, horse-power assist them in their labor. In this, Washington was give chaseed, by some contemporaries as well as fu ture generations, as a defeatist who bowed to the influence of the white establishment. In response, Washington believed that a more realist view of the situation would bring the greatest kindly and eventual political change. This was at a time when Jim Crow laws in the South were choking any possible ways in which African Americans would be treated as equals. Nearly full segregation in numerous aspects of daily life in the South, reminded African Americans that the country viewed them as second class citizens and inferior to white Americans.Washington, through the completion of the Tuskegee Institute, showed African Americans that self sufficiency could bring more advancement and gain for themselves and their race than anything else at this time. Such views were expressed in Booker T. Washingtons most famous speech. The Atlanta Compromise, given in 1895, spoke these ideals and the prosperity which Washington knew, was within reach for the African American who do himself self suff icient and as independent as possible. in that location is no defense or security for any of us except in the highest password and development of all. If anywhere there are efforts tending to curtail the fullest growth of the Negro, let these efforts be turned into stimulating, encouraging, and making him the most useful and intelligent citizen. sweat or means so invested will pay a thousand per cent interest. These efforts will be twice blessedblessing him that gives and him that takes.There is no pass through law of man or God from the inevitable Washington, the delight of white Americans and the annoyance of a number of African American leaders during this time, as well as those who would follow in the Civil Rights endeavor of the 1950s and 1960s, Washington was not a race agitator as many whites would label those who spoke forcefully for social change and equality among white Americans. Not only did Washington attempt to avoid much(prenominal) a label, he also went out of h is way to remind African Americans as well as comfort white Americans, that this was not his main objective.The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of these privileges.The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory equitable now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera-house. As a result, Washington was more appreciated within his own community than in generations to come when a more forward policy of racial equality was adopted within the Civil Rights movement. Some of the reasons fo r his mastery and the ability to afford a speaking tour as well as funding for Tuskegee, were the powerful friendships which Washington was able to form.Some of these notable names of the propagation were Andrew Carnegie, the $400 million tycoon of the steel industry as well as Henry Rogers and Presidents William Howard Taft and even Theodore Roosevelt who invited Washington to dine with him at the White hearth making Washington the first African American to have bestowed upon him, such an honor. The invitation caused outrage within the South and an African American would not have such an honor bestowed upon them for a number of decades, the accomplishment was still achieved.In this, Washington became one of the most successful civil rights leaders of his day. One of the chief reasons why this was the case, supra all others, coupled with his God given skill and talent, was the message which Washington repeated over and over in both his speeches and his actions. He was not reconc iling to white racism, but was rather a realist who knew that every injustice which stemmed from racial inequality, was not going to be done away with in his lifetime or in the lifetime of his children. Washington was not one to make waves, to complain or to blame whites for his troubles.Many believed that Washington should be doing just that. However, Washington replied by saying There is another class of colored people who make a business of keeping the troubles, the wrongs, and the hardships of the Negro race before the public. There is a certain class of race-problem solvers who do not want the patient to get well, because as long as the disease holds out they have not only an easy means of making a living, but also an easy medium through which to make themselves prominent before the public. Washington ever preached a new, self sufficient African American. Even until his death in 1915, Washington, the most influential leader of the civil rights movement since Frederick Douglass and still remains as one of the most important in this countrys history, always advocated that African Americans become and remain self sufficient and that they earn the respect from whites which they neediness in order to achieve the racial, political and social equality which is their uniform goal.When Washington stated One man cannot hold another man down(p) in the ditch without remaining down in the ditch with him. He meant it. WORKS CITED Perry, John Unshakable Faith Memphis Multnomah Publishers 2001 Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery An Autiobiography current York Scribners 1980 The Norton Anthology of African American Literature New York Norton Press. 1999 Booker T. Washington New York PBS/Thirteen Productions 2001

How Tax Cuts can revive the Economy Essay

Tax cuts have been employed in the governments fiscal policy especi solelyy during times of frugal mental retardation to revive the economy. When the economy is slumping, the peoples consumption power also slumps. The aggregate demand for goods and services in the market also falls. This creates a misfortune wave which hits industries like manufacturing, the housing sector and the service industry hard, leading to rising levels of unemployment (Toomey & Soloveichik 2009).At such a time, a cut in taxes becomes unrivaled of the mechanisms available for pumping some life into the economy. Tax cuts for economic revival target especially people in the lower and middle classes. When implemented, tax cuts increase the make out of disposable income, that is, income after taxation, in the pockets of these people. Disposable income is perhaps the most critical factor in consumption.The availability of more money to spend in the pockets of the pack raises the aggregate demand for goods an d services, creating jobs in the various sector of the economy therefore increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Toomey & Soloveichik 2009), a key indicator of the assure of the economy. A cut in taxes works like a raise in salary. Tax cuts take effect through the multiplier effect which cigarette be defined as the ratio of change between aggregate economic output (represented by the GDP) and a change in taxes since not all disposable income after a reduction in taxation rates actually translates to direct consumption.The multiplier, obtained by multiplying the marginal propensity to consume with the expenditure multiplier, is utilize as an indicator to the change in fiscal policy induced government taxes required to result to a desired level of aggregate output. If conjugate with increased government expenditure on services like health and education (which could actually be termed as an integral part of the cuts or economic stimulus package), tax cuts can revive the econom y (Toomey & Soloveichik 2009).

Macbeth and to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

The make for Macbeth and the original to kill a Mockingbird consist of many similarities, some in which are to a greater extent obvious than others. Both of these two excellent literatures obtain the common theme of hope for justness, similar founts, and besides both the myth and the Shakespearian play have the suspense and intensity in the atmosphere. In the novel to kill a Mockingbird and the play Macbeth, both deliver a message of hope for justice. In the novel we see two young men being judged upon their physical characteristics and what others have said well-nigh them. tomcat Robinson was a man who lived on the other side of Maycomb, the side of poor and worthless act upon people. The society of Maycomb jugged him for his colour rather then what Atticus had to say about him in the court. Another character named Boo Rady was being judged by people who lived in the neighbourhood kids grew up having this idea of him being a scary man who stabbed his get down in the leg.Ev en though all those stories being told to Scout and Jem were not accurate the neighbourhood still passed on the stories. But hope for justice was still in that society, the novel ended with scout understanding and appreciating Boo Radly. Also justice was brought to Tom even though he had been killed by the jail guards when trying to escape, the society thought they had won, but Toms remembrance make the community question prejudice and its evilness towards people. The evil in the society had not conquered in this tale, since Tom was so influential to the community. Now looking at the play Macbeth, the hope for justice was brought to the play by Macduff. He stud up against Macbeths evil ambition and took back what belongs to Malcom. In the novel and the play justice was being forgotten until the ending where everyone got what they deserved.In the play Macbeth and the novel to kill a Mockingbird the characters have polar believes and outlook for the life they live in. Characters such as Macduff and Jem live in two different period of time and their ages are very different but if you look at their morals and the elan they live their lifes we see similarities. Macduff is a grown man with responsibilities as a father and a soldier, hes a man who loves his country and would do anything to protect it from evil, and he withal stands up for what he believes in and has the eye that tries to see the good side of people. .In Shakespeares Macbeth apparitional forces create a suspenseful atmosphere. The play begins with the suspense of what will Macbeth do with the prophases he has received. Certain preternatural resemblances between Tom Robinson and Boo Radleys lives exist in Harper Lees To tear A Mockingbird. Often large groups of people misunderstand certain unusual individuals. Sometimes they stereotype the mortal other times, they simply do not bother to find out the truth.

Computer Use in Legal Work Essay

Computers confirm been dominating the work go at a lower place these days. In this redbrick world, companies let render ultimately dependent on computers when it comes to continuous or automatic tasks where pieceitys ar no match with when it comes to process time. It effectly eliminates the factor of compassionate error and the inherent disadvantages of humans versus computers, overmuch than(prenominal) as the need to sleep or rest, the need for variety, and so forth Modern technology has enabled data to be sorted, collected and analyzed quickly and perhaps more cost-effectively when comp bed to hiring a number of people to work on them to collect and analyze the data and then paying them an appropriate level of plights and benefits. Artificial apprehension wholeows data extr go through, sorting and analysis to be tailored to the need of the client, wherein apprehensions that are identified using minus processes thunder mug be added to their features. These deve lopments are leading to rightfulness firms where the majority of staff will be extra to those operating the machines al matchless non to people doing the gathering, sorting and analyzing of the data.Computer logic has become very much intelligent and has become, at times, more than at par with how humans think. Computers are replacing workers at an awful pace in many corporations with the notable exception of tasks needing high levels of creativity. Automation has become both right(a) and bad for the economy. Automation progresses as technology progresses. Applications on computers are replacing the humans who utilise to do their jobs as computers do those jobs faster often doing double the work that would be done in 8 hours by a single human universe. Economics will be greatly impacted by the changes in technology. Although it whitethorn not directly create unemployment since people tend to get more and more imaginative in finding roughthing to do for work, the advancem ents in technology will continue to grow. E-disc all over, an application being used in the good world, uses both linguistic and sociological logic in order to come home cultivation when users search for information. A give way from language, the favorable aspects implied in the searches will be included in the results.Information-sifting has become so sophisticated that applications are al renty able to identify and deduce human interactions pertaining to events, telephone calls, emails, messages, etc. They are withal capable of decoding data used to cloak information being conveyed by these venues. Cataphora, a computer software that analyzes data, is capable of showing who leaked information, whos influential in the organization or when a sensitive document comparable an S.E.C. register is being edited an droll number of times, or an unusual number of ways, by an unusual type or number of people. It is also programmed to identify human emotions implied in spite of appe arance an e-mail or a call. Detection of shifts in human emotions can basal an alert implying mislabeled activities. Clearwell, a program from a company in Silicon Valley, analyzes documents by searching for fantasys, which simplifies material recapitulation in litigation. In an example given by the company, an analysis task that would normally produce an perfect work week could be cut down to 3 days using the software.Although computers whitethorn count to have advantages in sure types of analysis tasks, the human factor involved in identifying relevant information still remains in the hands of the person operating the computer. Taking for example the case of Enron, wherein over five million messages had to be processed for the prosecution, Andrew McCallum decided to purchase a copy of the database for $10,000 for the University of Massachusetts and do it available for research, which do a huge impact at bottom the efficacious community.Although technology has its own limitations as when data need to be audited by a person, it still makes a huge impact in terms of how fast the work is delivered. In terms of accuracy, humans commit errors hence the term human error. This is what Mr. Herr found when he back-tracked and did analysis on previous jobs to check the difference in results among humans and computers. The 40% difference in accuracy he found in favor of computers leads us to think ab come forth companies, corporations and the efficacious profession as a whole, and the savings from expenses it will have when software as such is usedPILIn Indian law, exoteric- fire litigation is litigation for the nurseion of the familiar interest. PIL may be introduced in a approach of law by the dally itself (sumoto), rather than the aggrieved party or an opposite third party. For the exercise of the speak tos jurisdiction, it is unnecessary for the victim of the violation of his or her rights to in person set about the salute. In PIL, the right to file suit is given to a member of the public by the courts through court-ordered activism. The member of the public may be a non-governmental organization (NGO), an institution or an individual. The sovereign go on of India, rejecting the criticism of profound activism, has stated that the judiciary has stepped in to give direction receivable to executive inaction laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures for the poor since independence have not been kosherly implemented. in the public eye(predicate) Interest legal proceeding globe Interest judicial proceeding as exists todayPIL today offers such a paradigm which locates the content of informal justness without the formal reasoned scheme. Non Anglo-Saxon jurisdiction directs courts to devolve the conventional discriminative function of adjudication and provide remedies for social wrongs. PIL had already m elderlyed the state in to the striker of socio-economic change. Social justice is the byproduct of this transcends from the formal legal system.Evolution of public Interest LitigationThe Indian PIL is the improved version of PIL of U.S.A. According to Ford Foundation of U.S.A., Public interest law is the name that has tardily been given to efforts that provide legal representation to previously unrepresented groups and interests. such efforts have been undertaken in the recognition that cut-and-dried marketplace for legal service of processs fails to provide such services to significant segments of the population and to significant interests. Such groups and interests include the proper environmentalists, consumers, racial and ethnic minorities and others. The compulsion period (1975-1977) witnessed colonial constitution of the Indian legal system. During emergency state repression and governmental lawlessness was widespread. Thousands of innocent people including semi policy-making opponents were sent to jails and there was complete deprivation of civil and political rights. The post emergency period provided an occasion for the judges of the overbearing judiciary to openly disregard the impediments of Anglo-Saxon procedure in providing access to justice to the poor.Notably devil justices of the commanding appeal, Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer and P. N. Bhagwati recognised the possibility of providing access to justice to the poor and the exploited people by restful the incurs of stand. In the post-emergency period when the political situations had changed, investigatory journalism also began to expose gory scenes of governmental lawlessness, repression, custodial violence, drawing circumspection of lawyers, judges, and social activists. PIL emerged as a result of an informal nexus of pro-active judges, media persons and social activists. This front shows starke difference mingled with the traditional justice delivery system and the modern informal justice system where the judiciary is performing administrative legal role. PIL is neces sary rejection of laissez faire notions of traditional economy.The first reported case of PIL in 1979 focused on the inhuman conditions of prisons and under trial prisoners. In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1360, the PIL was filed by an advocate on the basis of the news item published in the Indian Express, highlighting the engross of thousands of undertrial prisoners languishing in various jails in Bihar. These proceeding led to the release of more than 40, 000 undertrial prisoners. Right to speedy justice emerged as a basic fundamental right which had been denied to these prisoners. The said(prenominal) set pattern was adopted in subsequent cases. In 1981 the case of Anil Yadav v. State of Bihar, AIR 1982 SC 1008, exposed the brutalities of the Police.News musical composition report revealed that about 33 suspected criminals were blinded by the police in Bihar by displace the acid into their eyes. Through interim orders S. C. directed the State government to spiel the blinded men to Delhi for checkup treatment. It also ordered speedy prosecution of the guilty policemen. The court also read right to drop legal aid as a fundamental right of all(prenominal) accused. Anil Yadav signalled the branch of social activism and investigative litigation. In (Citizen for Democracy v. State of Assam, (1995) 3SCC 743), the S. C. declared that the handcuffs and other fetters shall not be squeeze upon a prisoner while lodged in jail or while in transport or transit from one jail to another or to the court or back.Concept of PILAccording to the jurisprudence of hold 32 of the war paint of India, The right to move the autonomous Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this part is guaranteed. Ordinarily, only the aggrieved party has the right to seek redress under Article 32.In 1981 Justice P. N. Bhagwati in .S. P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 (Supp) SCC 87, articulated the concept of PIL as follows, W here a legal wrong or a legal injury is caused to a person or to a determinate gradation of persons by reason of violation of any ingrained or legal right or any angle is imposed in contravention of any extreme or legal provision or without warrant of law or any such legal wrong or legal injury or illegal burden is threatened and such person or determinate class of persons by reasons of poverty, failing or disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position unable to approach the court for relaxation, any member of public can respect an application for an appropriate direction, order or writ in the High Court under Article 226 and in case any bump of fundamental rights of such persons or determinate class of persons, in this court under Article 32 want juridical redress for the legal wrong or legal injury caused to such person or determinate class of persons.The swayer of locus standi have been relaxed and a person playing bonafide and having fitting interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and true(a) rape of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or surreptitious profit or political motive or any oblique con facial expressionration (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349). Supreme Court in Indian Banks Association, Bombay and ors v. M/s Devkala Consultancy Service and Ors., J. T. 2004 (4) SC 587, held that In an appropriate case, where the demander king have moved a court in her private interest and for redressal of the personal grievance, the court in progress of Public Interest may treat it a necessity to enquire into the state of affairs of the unfastened of litigation in the interest of justice. Thus a private interest case can also be treated as public interest case.In Guruvayur Devaswom Managing Commit. And Anr. Vs. C.K. Rajan and Ors, J.T. 2003 (7) S.C. 312, S.C. held, The Courts exercising their power of judicial review found to its dismay that the poorest of the poor, depraved, the illiterate, the urban and rural unorganized labour sector, women, children, handicapped by ignorance, poverty and illiteracy and other down trodden have severally no access to justice or had been denied justice. A new branch of proceedings known as Social Interest Litigation or Public Interest Litigation was evolved with a view to render complete justice to the aforementioned classes of persona. It expanded its go in course of time. The Courts in pro bono publico granted relief to the inmates of the prisons, provided legal aid, directed speedy trial, victuals of human dignity and covered several other areas.Representative actions, pro bono publico and test litigations were entertained in keeping with the current accent on justice to the common man and a necessary intimidation to those who wish to by pass the, real issues on the merits by suspect reliance on fringy adj ectival shortcomings Pro bono publico constituted a significant state in the present day judicial system. They, however, provided the dockets with much greater responsibility for rendering the concept of justice available to the disadvantaged sections of the society. Public interest litigation has come to stay and its necessity cannot be overemphasized. The courts evolved a jurisprudence of compassion. Procedural propriety was to move over giving place to substantive concerns of the deprivation of rights. The harness of locus standi was diluted. The Court in place of disinterested and dispassionate adjudicator became active participant in the dispensation of justice.Aspects of PIL(a) curative in reputationRemedial reputation of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. It indirectly incorporated the principles enshrined in the part IV of the Constitution of India into part III of the Constitution. By riding the aspirations of part IV into part III of the Constitution had changeth the procedural nature of the Indian law into dynamic welfare one. Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., etc were the obvious examples of this change in nature of judiciary.(b) Representative StandingRepresentative standing can be seen as a creative blowup of the well-accepted standing exception which allows a third party to file a habeas corpus petition on the ground that the injured party cannot approach the court himself. And in this regard the Indian concept of PIL is much broader in relation to the American. PIL is a modified form of class action.(c) Citizen standingThe doctrine of citizen standing hence marks a significant expansion of the courts rule, from protector of individual rights to shielder of the rule of law wherever threatened by official lawlessness.(d) Non-adversarial LitigationIn the words of S. C. in spates Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 S.C. 1473, We wish to point out with all the emphasis at our command that public interest litigationis a totally dissimilar winning of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there is a dispute between two litigating parties, one making claim or seeking relief against the other and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief. Non-adversarial litigation has two aspects.1. collaborative litigation and2. inquiring LitigationCollaborative Litigation In collaborative litigation the effort is from all the sides. The claimant, the court and the presidential term or the public official, all are in collaboration here to see that basic human rights become important for the large masses of the people. PIL helps executive to discharge its constitutional obligations. Court assumes three line of creditive functions other than that from traditional determination and issuance of a decree. (i). Ombudsman- The court receives citizen complaints and brings the most importan t ones to the attention of accountable government officials. (ii) assemblage The court provides a forum or place to discuss the public issues at length and providing emergency relief through interim orders. (iii) Mediator The court comes up with possible compromises. inquiring Litigation It is investigative litigation because it works on the reports of the Registrar, Di rigid Magistrate, comments of experts, newspapers etc.(e) Crucial AspectsThe flexibility introduced in the adherence to procedural laws. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P.,(1985) 2 SCC 431, court rejected the vindication of Res Judicta. Court refused to withdraw the PIL and ordered wages too. In R.C. Narain v. State of Bihar, court legislated the rules for the welfare of the persons documentation in the mental asylum. To curtail custodial violence, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, issued certain guidelines. Supreme Court has broadened the meaning of Right to live with human dignity available under the Article 21 of the Constitution of India to a greatest extent possible.(f) Relaxation of strict rule of Locus StandiThe strict rule of locus standi has been relaxed by way of (a) Representative standing, and (b) Citizen standing. In D.C.Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 579, S.C. held that a petitioner, a professor of political science who had done veridical research and deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions, challenged the practice followed by the state of Bihar in repromulgating a number of ordinances without acquiring the favourable reception of the legislature. The court held that the petitioner as a member of public has able interest to maintain a petition under Article 32.The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infringement of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique considerationcourt has to strike balance between two conflicting interests (i) nobody should be allowed to indulge in wild and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others and (ii) scheme of public mischief and to avoid mischievous petitions seeking to assail, for oblique motives, justifiable executive and the legislature (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349).It is depressing to throwaway that on account of trumpery proceedings initiated before the courts, innumerable days are wasted, which time differently could have been spent for the disposal of cases of genuine litigants. Though the Supreme Court spares no efforts in promote and developing the laudable concept of PIL and extending its ling arm of sympathy to the poor, ignorant, the oppressed and the free whose fundamental rights a re infringed and violated and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349). (g) Epistolary JurisdictionThe judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe few tears from some eyes. This jurisdiction is somehow different from collective action. issue of PIL cells was open all over India for providing the footing or at least platform to the needy class of the society.Features of PILThrough the mechanics of PIL, the courts seek to protect human rights in the following ways 1) By creating a new regime of human rights by expanding the meaning of fundamental right to equality, life and personal liberty. In this process, the right to speedy trial, free legal aid, dignity, means and livelihood, education, housing, medical care, clean environment, right against torture, sexual curse, nongregarious confinement, bondage and servitude, exploitation and so on emerge as human rights. These new reconceptualised rights provide legal resources to activate the courts for their enforcement through PIL. 2) By democratization of access to justice. This is done by relaxing the traditional rule of locus standi. Any public mealy citizen or social action group can approach the court on behalf of the oppressed classes. Courts attention can be drawn even by writing a letter or displace a telegram. This has been called epistolary jurisdiction.3) By fashioning new kinds of reliefs under the courts writ jurisdiction. For example, the court can award interim fee to the victims of governmental lawlessness. This stands in sharp contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of adjudication where interim relief is limited to preserving the status quo pending final decision. The grant of compensation in PIL matters does not preclude the aggrieved person from bringing a civil suit for damages. In PIL cases the court can fashion any relief to the victims. 4) By judicial monitoring of State institutions such as jails, womens protective homes, juvenile homes, mental asylums, and the like.Through judicial invigilation, the court seeks gradual improvement in their management and administration. This has been characterized as creeping jurisdiction in which the court takes over the administration of these institutions for protecting human rights. 5) By devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of national Human Rights Commission or primal Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to inquire into human rights violations. This may be called investigative litigation.PIL as an Instrument of Social ChangePIL is working as an important means of social change. It is working for the welfare of every section of society. Its the sword of every one used only for taking the justice. The innovation of this authorized instrument proved beneficia l for the developing hoidenish like India. PIL has been used as a schema to combat the atrocities prevailing in society. Its an institutional scuttle towards the welfare of the needy class of the society. In Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, S.C. ordered for the release of bonded labourers. In Murli S. Dogra v. Union of India, court taboo smoking in public places. In a landmark judgement of Delhi Domestic works Womens Forum v. Union of India, (1995) 1 SCC 14, Supreme Court issued guidelines for rehabilitation and compensation for the rape on working women. In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan Supreme court has laid down exhaustive guidelines for preventing sexual harassment of working women in place of their work.ConclusionIt would be appropriate to conclude by quoting Cunningham, Indian PIL might rather be a Phoenix a whole new creative arising out of the ashes of the old order. PIL represents the first take on by a developing common law country to break outside(a) from lega l imperialism perpetuated for centuries. It contests the guess that the most western the law, the better it must work for economic and social development such law produced in developing states, including India, was the development of under develop men. The shift from legal centralism to legal pluralism was prompted by the disenchantment with formal legal system. In India, however instead of seeking to evolve justice- dispensing mechanism ousted the formal legal system itself through PIL.The change as we have seen, are both substantial and structural. It has radically adapted the traditional judicial role so as to enable the court to bring justice within the r from each one of the common man. Further, it is humbly submitted that PIL is still is in experimental stage. Many deficiencies in handling the kind of litigation are likely to come on the front. and these deficiencies can be removed by innovating better techniques. In essence, the PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the acco untability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community. We may end with the hope once expressed by Justice Krishna Iyer, The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes.1.Public Interest LitigationJudiciary, being the sentinel of constitutional statutory rights of citizens has a special role to play in the constitutional scheme. It can review legislation and administrative actions or decisions on the anvil of constitutional law. For the enforcement of fundamental rights one has to move the Supreme Court or the High Courts directly by invoking Writ Jurisdiction of these courts. But the high cost and complicated procedure involved in litigation, however, makes equal access to jurisdiction in mere slogan in respect of millions of destitute and underprivileged masses stricken by poverty, illiteracy and ignorance. The Supreme Court of India, pioneered the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) thereby throwing upon the portals of courts to the common man. Till 1960s and seventies, the concept of litigation in India was still in its rudimentary form and was seen as a private pursual for the vindication of private vested interests.Litigation in those days consisted mainly of some action initiated and continued by certain individuals, usually, addressing their own grievances/problems. Thus, the initiation and continuance of litigation was the prerogative of the injured person or the aggrieved party. even out this was greatly limited by the resources available with those individuals. There was very little organized efforts or attempts to take up wider issues that affected classes of consumers or the general public at large. However, all these scenario changed during Eighties with the Supreme Court of India led the concept of public interest litigation (PIL). The Supreme Court of India gave all individuals in the country and the newly formed consum er groups or social action groups, an easier access to the law and introduced in their work a broad public interest perspective.Public Interest Litigation has been defined in the Blacks Law Dictionary (6th Edition) as under-Public Interest Something in which the public, the community at large, has some pecuniary interest, or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected. It does not mean anything so narrow as mere curiosity, or as the interests of the particular localities, which may be affected by the matters in question.Subjects of Public Interest Litigation.Public Interest Litigation is meant for enforcement of fundamental and other legal rights of the people who are poor, weak, ignorant of legal redressal system or otherwise in a harmful position, due to their social or economic background. Such litigation can be initiated only for redressal of a public injury, enforcement of a public duty or vindicating interest of public nature. It is necessary that t he petition is not filed for personal gain or private motive or for other extraneous consideration and is filed bona fide in public interest. The following are the subjects which may be litigated under the head of Public Interest Litigation (I) The matters of public interest Generally they include(i) bonded labour matters(ii) matters of neglected children(iii) exploitation of casual labourers and non-payment of wages to them (except in individual cases) (iv) matters of harassment or torture of persons belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Economically Backward Classes, either by co-villagers or by police (v) matters relating to environmental pollution, disturbance of ecological balance, drugs, food adulteration, maintenance of inheritance and culture, antiques, forests and wild life, (vi) petitions from riot victims and (vii) other matters of public importance.(II) The matters of private nature They include (i) threat to or harassment of the petitioner by private perso ns, (ii) seeking enquiry by an agency other than local police, (iii) seeking police protection, (iv) land lordtenant dispute (v) service matters, (vi) admission to medical or engineering colleges, (vii) early earshot of matters pending in High Court and subordinate courts and are not considered matters of public interest. (III) Letter Petitions Petitions stock by post even though not in public interest can be treated as writ petitions if so directed by the Honble Judge nominated for this purpose.Individual petitions plain harassment or torture or death in jail or by police, complaints of atrocities on women such as harassment for dowry, bride burning, rape, murder and kidnapping, complaints relating to family pensions and complaints of refusal by police to register the case can be registered as writ petitions, if so approved by the concerned Honble Judge. If deemed expedient, a report from the concerned chest of drawers is called before placing the matter before the Honble Judge f or directions. If so directed by the Honble Judge, the letter is registered as a writ petition and is thereafter listed before the Court for hearing.Procedure for file Public Interest Litigation.(a) FilingPublic Interest Litigation petition is filed in the same manner, as a writ petition is filed. If a PIL is filed in a High Court, then two (2) copies of the petition have to be filed (for Supreme Court, then (4)+(1)(i.e.5) sets) Also, an advance copy of the petition has to be served on the each answering, i.e. opposite party, and this proof of service has to be affixed on the petition.(b) The ProcedureA Court fee of Rs. 50 , per respondent (i.e. for each number of party, court fees of Rs 50) have to be affixed on the petition. Proceedings, in the PIL commence and carry on in the same manner, as other cases. However, in between the proceedings if the Judge feels that he may appoint the commissioner, to inspect allegations like pollution being caused, trees being cut, sewer problems, etc. After filing of replies, by opposite party, or rejoinder by the petitioner, final hearing takes place, and the judge gives his final decision.Against whom Public Interest Litigation can be filedA Public Interest Litigation can be filed against a State/ Central Govt., Municipal Authorities, and not any private party. The definition of State is the same as given under Article 12 of the Constitution and this includes the administrational and Parliament of India and the governing body and the legislative body of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. According to Art.12, the term State includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislatures of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Thus the authorities and instrumentalities specified under Art.12 are The Govern ment and Parliament of India The Government and Legislature of each of the States All local authorities Other authorities within the territory of India or under the Government of India. In Electricity Board, Rajasthan v. Mohan Lal, the Supreme Court held that other authorities would include all authorities created by the Constitution of India or Statute on whom powers are conferred by law. However, Private party can be included in the PIL as Respondent, after making concerned state authority, a party. For example- if there is a Private factory in Delhi, which is causing pollution, then people living nearly, or any other person can file a PIL against the Government of Delhi, Pollution Control Board, and against the private factory. However, a PIL cannot be filed against the Private party alone.Aspects of Public Interest Litigation(a) Remedial in Nature Remedial nature of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. It indirectly incorporated the principles enshrined in the part I V of the Constitution of India into part III of the Constitution. By riding the aspirations of part IV into part III of the Constitution had changeth the procedural nature of the Indian law into dynamic welfare one. Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., etc were the obvious examples of this change in nature of judiciary. (b) Representative Standing Representative standing can be seen as a creative expansion of the well-accepted standing exception which allows a third party to file a habeas corpus petition on the ground that the injured party cannot approach the court himself. And in this regard the Indian concept of PIL is much broader in relation to the American. PIL is a modified form of class action. (c) Citizen standing The doctrine of citizen standing thus marks a significant expansion of the courts rule, from protector of individual rights to guardian of the rule of law wherever threatened by official lawlessness.(d) Non-adversarial Litigation I n the words of Supreme Court in Peoples Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, We wish to point out with all the emphasis at our command that public interest litigationis a totally different kind of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there is a dispute between two litigating parties, one making claim or seeking relief against the other and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief. Non-adversarial litigation has two aspects 1. Collaborative litigation In collaborative litigation the effort is from all the sides. The claimant, the court and the Government or the public official, all are in collaboration here to see that basic human rights become meaningful for the large masses of the people. PIL helps executive to discharge its constitutional obligations. Court assumes three different functions other than that from traditional determination and issuance of a decree.(i). Ombudsman- The court re ceives citizen complaints and brings the most important ones to the attention of responsible government officials. (ii) Forum The court provides a forum or place to discuss the public issues at length and providing emergency relief through interim orders. (iii) Mediator The court comes up with possible compromises. 2. Investigative Litigation It is investigative litigation because it works on the reports of the Registrar, District Magistrate, comments of experts, newspapers etc. (e) Crucial Aspects The flexibility introduced in the adherence to procedural laws. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P., Supreme Court rejected the defense of Res Judicta. Court refused to withdraw the PIL and ordered compensation too.To curtail custodial violence, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, issued certain guidelines. Supreme Court has broadened the meaning of Right to live with human dignity available under the Article 21 of the Constitution of India to a greatest extent possible. (f) Relaxation of strict rule of Locus Standi The strict rule of locus standi has been relaxed by way of (a) Representative standing, and (b) Citizen standing. In D.C.Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, Supreme Court held that a petitioner, a professor of political science who had done substantial research and deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions, challenged the practice followed by the state of Bihar in repromulgating a number of ordinances without getting the approval of the legislature. The court held that the petitioner as a member of public has sufficient interest to maintain a petition under Article 32.The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for pe rsonal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique considerationcourt has to strike balance between two conflicting interests (i) nobody should be allowed to indulge in wild and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others and (ii) avoidance of public mischief and to avoid mischievous petitions seeking to assail, for oblique motives, justifiable executive and the legislature. It is depressing to note that on account of trumpery proceedings initiated before the courts, innumerable days are wasted, which time otherwise could have been spent for the disposal of cases of genuine litigants.Though the Supreme Court spares no efforts in fostering and developing the laudable concept of PIL and extending its ling arm of sympathy to the poor, ignorant, the oppressed and the needy whose fundamental rights are infringed and violated and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard. (g) Epistolary Jurisdiction The judicial activism gets its highest bonus whe n its orders wipe some tears from some eyes. This jurisdiction is somehow different from collective action. Number of PIL cells was open all over India for providing the footing or at least platform to the needy class of the society. Factors that have contributed to growth of PIL.Among, the numerous factors that have contributed to the growth of PIL in this country, the following deserve special mention The character of the Indian Constitution. Unlike Britain, India has a indite constitution which through Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) provides a framework for set relations between the state and its citizens and between citizens inter-se. India has some of the most progressive social legislation to be found anywhere in the world whether it be relating to bonded labor, minimum wages, land ceiling, environmental protection, etc. This has made it easier for the courts to haul up the executive when it is not performing its duties in ensuring the rights of the poor as per the law of the land. The grownup interpretation of locus standi where any person can apply to the court on behalf of those who are economically or physically unable to come before it has helped. Judges themselves have in some cases initiated suo moto action based on newspaper articles or letters received. Although social and economic rights given in the Indian Constitution under Part IV are not legally enforceable, courts have creatively read these into fundamental rights thereby making them judicially enforceable. For instance the right to life in Article 21 has been expanded to include right to free legal aid, right to live with dignity, right to education, right to work, liberty from torture, bar fetters and hand cuffing in prisons, etc. Sensitive judges have constantly innovated on the side of the poor. for instance, in the Bandhua Mukti Morcha case in 1983, the Supreme Court put the burden of proof on the respondent stating it would tre at every case of forced labor as a case of bonded labor unless turn out otherwise by the employer. Similarly in the Asiad Workers judgment case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labor commissioner and lower courts In PIL cases where the petitioner is not in a position to provide all the necessary evidence, either because it is plentiful or because the parties are weak socially or economically, courts have appointed commissions to collect information on facts and present it before the bench.Mechanism for protection of Human Rights through PILFeatures of PIL through the mechanism of PIL, the courts seek to protect human rights in the following ways 1) By creating a new regime of human rights by expanding the meaning of fundamental right to equality, life and personal liberty. In this process, the right to speedy trial, free legal aid, dignity, means and livelihood, education, housing, medical care, clean environment, right against torture, sexual harassment, solitary confinement, bondage and servitude, exploitation and so on emerge as human rights. These new re-conceptualised rights provide legal resources to activate the courts for their enforcement through PIL. 2) By democratization of access to justice. This is done by relaxing the traditional rule of locus standi. Any public spirited citizen or social action group can approach the court on behalf of the oppressed classes. Courts attention can be drawn even by writing a letter or sending a telegram.This has been called epistolary jurisdiction. 3) By fashioning new kinds of reliefs under the courts writ jurisdiction. For example, the court can award interim compensation to the victims of governmental lawlessness. This stands in sharp contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of adjudication where interim relief is limited to preserving the status quo pending final decision. The grant of compensation in PIL mat ters does not preclude the aggrieved person from bringing a civil suit for damages. In PIL cases the court can fashion any relief to the victims. 4) By judicial monitoring of State institutions such as jails, womens protective homes, juvenile homes, mental asylums, and the like.Through judicial invigilation, the court seeks gradual improvement in their management and administration. This has been characterized as creeping jurisdiction in which the court takes over the administration of these institutions for protecting human rights. 5) By devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of National Human Rights Commission or Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to inquire into human rights violations. This may be called investigative litigation.ConclusionPublic Interest Litigation is working as an important ins trument of social change. It is working for the welfare of every section of society. Its the sword of every one used only for taking the justice. The innovation of this legitimate instrument proved beneficial for the developing country like India. PIL has been used as a strategy to combat the atrocities prevailing in society. Its an institutional initiative towards the welfare of the needy class of the society. In Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Supreme Court ordered for the release of bonded labourers. In Murli S. Dogra v. Union of India, the Supreme Court banned smoking in public places. In a landmark judgment of Delhi Domestic Working Womens Forum v. Union of India, Supreme Court issued guidelines for rehabilitation and compensation for the rape on working women. In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, Supreme court has laid down exhaustive guidelines for preventing sexual harassment of working women in place of their work It would be appropriate to conclude by quoting Cunningh am, Indian PIL might rather be a Phoenix a whole new creative arising out of the ashes of the old order.PIL represents the first attempt by a developing common law country to break away from legal imperialism perpetuated for centuries. It contests the assumption that the most western the law, the better it must work for economic and social development such law produced in developing states, including India, was the development of under developed men. The shift from legal centralism to legal pluralism was prompted by the disillusionment with formal legal system. In India, however instead of seeking to evolve justice- dispensing mechanism ousted the formal legal system itself through PIL. The change as we have seen, are both substantial and structural.It has radically altered the traditional judicial role so as to enable the court to bring justice within the reach of the common man. Further, it is humbly submitted that PIL is still is in experimental stage. Many deficiencies in handli ng the kind of litigation are likely to come on the front. But these deficiencies can be removed by innovating better techniques. In essence, the PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the accountability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community. We may end with the hope once expressed by Justice Krishna Iyer, The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes