Functions and role of a marketing audit

Functions and role of a marketing audit A marketing audit is a comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination of companies or business units marketing environment , objectives, strategies and activities with a view to determining problem areas and opportunities and recommending a plan of action to improve the companys marketing performance'( Kotler.P,1977 ). Product- products in Hilton Kensington restaurant (west eleven) offering guest a wider selection of dishes and healthier choices. They not only incorporate important elements such as nutritional values, serving size and standards but also locally produced ingredients which is good. Price and promotion- price and promotion in west eleven restaurant is quiet amazing. The breakfast buffet is just  £12.95 which is a combination of both continental and English foods and dinner is contemporary European cuisine and carvery (buffet) for 21.95. Promotion includes highlife cards for regular guests which gives 50% discounted price for lunch and dinner. For promotion with kids meal drinks are free as well. People- The staffs and managers having a very good communication links and power distance is low to medium as well. The main strength is each and every staff working as a team and a team leader to control as well. So we are enable to make a good relationship with customers or in other words a good buyer- seller relationship. These all things help to realize that the reputation of brand that we are involved in, is in peoples hands. Process- In west eleven restaurant micros is a good technology which is using now to make good relation between waiters, chefs and the guest. The services of starters from 7min and main course 20min now a day. Physical evidence- we are maintaining a better brand image now for extending customer service relationships, selection, value, low price and to challenge with competing brands. It is the element of service mix as well which allows the customer again to make judgement on the organisation. Environment Environmental analysis enables an organisation to develop appropriate marketing strategies including the marketing mix. Environment can be divided into micro environment and macro environment. Important external forces that influence the marketing strategy include Customers- customers in west eleven restaurant always looks for quality of food rather than quantity. Most of the guests who are regular because they are meeting their needs. In the guest comments card 90% of the guest rating 7/10which is good not excellent. The major marketing segment is internet and apart from that print media, brouchers etc was there as well. The things like printed media will work inside the hotel wall posters of special offers, sports calendars etc to promote the guest. Competitors- competitors with Hilton Kensington hotel is Mariots south Kensington and novhotel Hammersmith which are upscale category but not luxurious category. The competition is taking place because they are patronized by same target customers, in same product class but there are differentiation, with a same geographic area and a similar price category. All of these hotels got good size, quality and interior decor in restaurants. But the price and value offered is just satisfactory when comparing to west eleven and the emarketig is not good enough as well. Both hotels having bit different strategies because they are concentrating more in leisure guest when Hilton restaurant is focusing mainly for business customers which includes business executives and airline staffs. PORTERS 5 FORCE MODEL Barriers of new entry Existing competitors entering new attractive domestic market.Economies of sale. Emergence of new entreprenal players. Supplier bargaining power Importance of volume to supplier Availability of skilled employees and management. Powerful brands( customers married to loyality scheme) No of competitiors Ratio demand capacity Industry profitability Buyers bargaining power Product diffrenciatioon Willingness to pay for brand name. Buyers incentives Threat of substitutes Switching costs Price-performance trade Of substitutes Products for products. Eg: same food ingredients and Products by competitors in differ-ent names. Five force analysis (source : porter 1980) Macro environment- it impacts on hospitality industry and affects all competitors. PEST frame work is very helpful in carrying out an environmental analysis of the organisation. PEST stands for political, economical, social and technological influences. Political/ legal:- political factors have a direct impact on the way of business operates. The political environment is not stable enough and things are getting changing in regular intervals. V.A.T is changing from January onwards from 17.5 to 20. Terrorism activities are increasing day by day. Economic:-Global recession happened in the mid of 2008s affects badly to the Hotel industry nationally and globally. But now its slowly recovering from the second quarter of 2010 and expected to continue the level of growth in the coming years. Currency inflation is playing a major role in economic growth. Intrest rates which are growing will affect partially as well. I.T has made a lot of difference in the current environment. Eg: If we take wi-fi or broadband in London 95% (est) of the people will use at home, work place or while travelling which is v.good, when comparing countries like Cuba which will be 5% or less which shows a huge penetration of I.T. Social:- one of the sociological factor increased population growth which adversely affecting hospitality industry. Now a days people are not spending much because of recession. When taking age distribution according to census of 2008 UK labour force is about 30.3 million workers, roughly the same size as the combined labour force of California and Texas. What the demographic trends shows is people of age group between 16-34 only working 30% of the total labour force which is bad as young people not working and the others work a lot. London society consists of a cosmopolitan culture which is much much larger in the amount when comparing with other major cities. Technological:-Introduction of ERP systems, emodels and High Speed Broadband systems increased their efficiency to serve their royal customers. But control measures have to take to mitigate the system failure risk, otherwise it will harmful the customer satisfaction. Productivity Productivity is a measure relating a quantity or quality of output to the inputs required to produce it. The benefits of marketing in Hilton are global reach, lower cost than traditional market methods, trackable and measureable results, personalisation, better conversion rates etc. In the other hand the risk which facing are dependability of technology, security, privacy issues, worldwide competition through globalization etc. The Main current problem and challenge which facing cost effectiveness are increased commodity prices. So now a days what is happening is food cost is going higher. Systems The use of intranet is more than extranet in my restaurant. The use of intranet is dominated by email followed by new service and product information, market information, employee listing etc. Marketing information systems providing accurate and timely information about development in the market place. Marketing control systems are good . The control procedures are looking and evaluating quarterly.most of the annual plan objectives are being achived. Provision is made to analyse periodically the profitability of different products, markets and channels of distribution. In my restaurant marketing auditor is responsible for all these systems. Organisation Marketing organisation audit is mainly considered as effectiveness of the organisation activities as well as efficiency of the operation of a company. The organisational structure supports most of the marketing activities. We got good working relation between sales and marketing. Product managers are able to plan profits and sales volume as well. Strategy The mission statement was not that much clear and feasible. The objectives stated in a clear form to guide marketing planning. The markets are segmented at an average fasion. For overall marketing decision process key things which are using are marketing performance audit and marketing competency audit. Marketing resources are some what allocted optimally to prime market segments and marketing mix like product quality,service,promotion, distribution etc.

Types Of EC Transactions Used By Dell

Types Of EC Transactions Used By Dell B2B transaction is an e-commerce business between two businesses/companies such as manufacturers and suppliers or wholesalers. This is the type of e-commerce which takes care of relationships among businesses. This type of e-commerce is now recognized as the E-commerce segment with major /the biggest potential. The B2B market has two primary components: e-frastructure and e-markets. E-frastructure is the architecture of B2B, primarily consisting of the following: Dell provides business to business (B2B) transactions which helps to low procurement costs of an organization. Within a B2B transaction, you can shop online from within your Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) procurement application and return the contents of your shopping session back to your ERP system electronically. No longer are you required to enter duplicate information in order to purchase. The electronic requisition can now be routed through your standard ERP workflow where it can be approved electronically. Once this electronic requisition is approved, it can become an electronic purchase order and be transmitted instantly to Dell. These orders flow directly into Dells manufacturing system where your orders are built immediately, saving you hours or days in processing time. This brings you the latest technology at the quickest pace. Dell defines B2B Integration as server-to-server communication over the Internet integrating both systems and business processes to dramatically transform the way we conduct business with our partners, suppliers, and customers. By electronically integrating these processes, we not only benefit in process efficiency and information accuracy, we also increase our ability to respond and interact with each member of a business relationship. Dells has two objectives with its B2B integration initiative: To quickly integrate with customers who are capable today To help customers build a B2B solution for rapid deployment and connectivity Dell has built a solution that extends its existing Internet infrastructure and E-Commerce capability to easily integrate with any customer who supports open, industry document standards of XML (such as cXML based on Ariba, xCBL based on Commerce One) and EDI. This allows Dell to provide the same customized catalog most customers use today with Premier Pages, and integrate this dynamic commerce functionality into their internal procurement systems. If a customer is not currently capable of integrating their procurement systems and processes with their suppliers, Dell can provide the necessary hardware, software, and consultation to help build and deploy a solution that not only connects the customer to Dell, but one that can to connect to even other suppliers or customers. Benefits: Better align Dell with customer procurement processes Ease the purchasing process and reduce errors by eliminating duplicate data entry Reduce costs for clients by eliminating paper purchase order/fax processes Reduce customer cycle times for ordering approval and payment Process controls for shoppers versus buyers B2C: Business-to-consumer (B2C, sometimes also called Business-to-Customer) transaction is when businesses such as companies and retailers serve their products and services to individual consumers directly. This transaction can be done online by consumers using shopping carts in the website. It is the earliest form of electronic commerce and the largest after B2B transaction form. By enhancing customer access to information and make it easier to customers to find a competitive and economical price for some products and services, B2C can decrease transactions costs. Moreover, constructing and maintaining a website costs much less than installing a brick-and-mortar structure for a firm; therefore, B2C e-commerce also reduces market entry obstructions. Its origins can be traced to online retailing (or e-tailing).13 Thus, the more common B2C business models are the online retailing companies such as Amazon.com, Drugstore.com, Beyond.com, Barnes and Noble and ToysRus. In the case of information goods, B2C e-commerce is even more attractive because it saves firms from factoring in the additional cost of a physical distribution network. Moreover, for countries with a growing and robust Internet population, delivering information goods becomes increasingly feasible. B2B2C: Business-to-Business-to-Consumer e-commerce (B2B2C) : It is when a business sells products and services to client businesses. The business provides products and services to client businesses to maintain its own customers. This can be when a business provides products and services to agencies, which are considered as business partners, sell it to customers. (Efraim Turban, Electronic Commerce, 2006) Dell uses e-procurement services and offers it to its agents who purchase the products. Customers visiting the agents website will find a link which connects the user to Dells website. After that when the customer buys a product, the agent receives a commission which is a percentage of the price of the product bought by the customer. B2G: Short for business-to-government, B2G is the exchange of services and products from one company to a government agency. Business-to-government e-commerce is generally described as commerce between companies and parts of a countrys economy which is controlled or supported financially by the government. B2G e-commerce form indicates a large market potential since the public sector plays an important role in establishing e-commerce, also, to make the procurement system effective, the public sector need the public sector has the greatest need for making its procurement system more effective Business-to-Government e-commerce (B2G) is a type of transactions where the government buys information, products, or services from businesses. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006) Dell sells its products and services to governments. It provides a separate section called public sector in its website which serves several divisions within a government. The company offers special products and services to government divisions and areas supported by government such as State government, Local government, Federal government, Higher education and Healthcare. Government agencies can buy the offered products and services from the companys website online and the delivery service is provided by Dell. http://www.dell.com/content/segmenter.aspx//pub?c=uscs=2684l=ens=pub~ck=mn B2E: E Collaboration: Collaborative commerce should help companies forge long-term relationships while reducing the costs of cooperation, says Lisa Williams, an analyst at The Yankee Group in Boston. For example, a Web server hub could substitute for distributed groupware for jointly managing projects such as constructing a building. Instead of all the partners buying the same groupware product, theyll all just sign on to the Web site, she says. But while collaborative commerce has the potential to be the next big trend in partneringits just beginning to take shape, says Stan Lepeak, an analyst at Meta Group Inc. in Stamford, Conn. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/46547/Collaborative_Commerce Collaborative Commerce In todays global commerce environment, the need for accurate, standards-based information is critical for conducting business efficiently. By standardizing the way information is communicated, and by having all trading partners accessing the same information, the opportunity for errors decreases dramatically, costs are reduced, and supply chains operate more efficiently. http://barcodes.gs1us.org/dnn_bcec/Solutions/CollaborativeCommerce/tabid/195/Default.aspx Collaborative commerce is a technology that enhances a companys communications with its business partners electronically. It enables companies and organizations to share information between each other, including Coolaborative commerce helps/provides companies and organizations a variety of benefits and opportunities by reducing service costs, Key business issues: Decreased service costs Faster cycle times Increased customer satisfaction Streamlined operations Enhanced flexibility and responsiveness Rapid, reliable fulfillment Improved planning through better system visibility In a collaborative environment, organizations and individuals can work together, share sensitive information, protect their privacy, and collaborate on activities and projects efficiently and effectively. Dell provides support forums for users and customers to refer in order to gain information from experts who bought Dell products and services. In this way, customers will be able to know how to buy and which product or service they should choose. It will also avoid buying products and returning it to Dell if it was not suitable due to the lack of knowledge. (http://en.community.dell.com/support-forums/default.aspx) Collaborative commerce (or c-commerce) can be regarded as the next evolutionary step beyond the more basic process of electronic commerce (or e-commerce). It is an emerging area that is based on interactions enabled by Internet technology. The business models used by Dell: EC business models can differ depending on the industry and the companys strategy. According to Weill and Vital methodology/framework (2001), there are eight elementary e-commerce business models combines to create Online Direct Marketing: online direct marketing is very inexpensive, especially as postage rates continue to raise. With a little effort, it can also generate enough responses to be equally successful. Generally, online direct marketing focuses on creating communication between you and your customers, giving you the opportunity to target specific customers with relevant promotions. Read more: How to Be Successful in Online Direct Marketing | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_2103036_be-successful-online-direct-marketing.html#ixzz1AqFb2CsV 1- Online Direct Marketing: It means selling products and services online directly to customers. This E-business model reduces costs and makes the distribution/dispersion of procurements more efficient, where sales are direct from the manufacturer or retailers to customers without processing through/using agents and physical stores. Dell offers e-procurement service to customers and businesses willing to buy products or services from the company. It allows buyers to browse, buy and order stocks through the Dell website which offers to buyers a chance to contact their staff for any guide. In premier B2B; another more developed version of e-procurement; authorized users of British Airways staff are provided with e-procurement tools to be able to access the intranet service and request for a product or order stocks from Dell Company. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006) Electronic Tendering Systems: E-tendering is used for large-value purchases which are usually made by large organizations or public organizations. Conducting such a tendering online through Dells website will consume less time and money. Government agencies use e-tendering in most of their procurement to buy products and services efficiently. E-tendering can be applied on B2C business transaction as well as B2B transaction. In this way, Dell can become more popular and gain more customers to the company. Also many government agencies recommend tendering in most of their e-procurements. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006) Dell established an e-procurement model to share it with business partners, such as British Airways. Electronic Tendering help them in requesting for bids when buying from sellers. Dell uses e-tendering in buying large quantities of components for their products. In this case, Dell will be to save more money when buying products through tendering. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006) Affiliate Marketing: Affiliate marketing: Affiliate marketing is an internet-based marketing where an arrangement is made between the company and a marketing partner which is refered/called affiliate , . The affiliate will place/display an online advertisement of the company on his website by placing a banner ad or the companys logo or its link. A commission will be given to the affiliate partner every time a customer visits/refers to the selling companys website or makes a transaction/purchase through the advertisement placed in the affiliate website. the publisher (also known as the affiliate) It is a pay-for-performance model which means if an affiliate does not generate sales, it represents no cost to the merchant Those methods include organic search engine optimization, paid search engine marketing, e-mail marketing, and in some sense display advertising. On the other hand, affiliates sometimes use less orthodox techniques, such as publishing reviews of products or services offered by a partner. Dell appoints affiliate partners to link their websites to Dell website (dell.com). This partner receives 2 to 4 percent of the price of the product sold, if the buyer used the link of Dell website at the partners website. (Electronic Commerce, Efraim Turban, 2006) Online Auctions: Online auctions are sales transactions conducted online where shoppers make bids for products and the highest bidder wins the auction and gets the product delivered to him. The participants could be consumers, retailers or companies. The functionality of buying and selling in an auction format is made possible through auction software which regulates the various processes involved. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction_business_model Dell auction has renewed Dells computers and other products at dellauction.com. Whereas the online auction is important sales channel in 2006, Dell has opened physical stores, mostly in reaction to customer demands. (Electronic Commerce, Efrim Turban, 2006) Viral Marketing: Dell has support forums in its website where buyers and users can refer to gain knowledge and information about Dell products. Customers of Dell who bought products and services will be able to help those who do not know what to buy, as they can make use of their experience from what they bought. In this way, Dell can gain more customers by encouraging their customers to inform others about Dell products in the forum. Also loyalty can be gained from customers by Dell when they find specific and accurate information is provided. (http://en.community.dell.com/support-forums/default.aspx) Supply Chain Management: E-supply chain management: e-supply chain management is a joint technology used- to improve the processes of B2B transaction along with improving agility, speed, real time control and customer satisfaction. Vi Dells Website Dells suppliers The customers E-customer service Mass customization Dell IT has successfully implemented this solution for Dells Americas, Brazil, Europe, and Asia Pacific/Japan regions. By using the same processes for disaster recovery, backup, and monitoring across all Dell operations, Dell IT has achieved a cost-effective and readily supported deployment model. January 2007 Page 5 Dell Enterprise Technology Center This article describes in depth how Dell IT made the transition from proprietary Unix-based servers to running mission critical supply chain management applications on Dells own hardware. The problem being solved by these database applications is described in detail in Section 3. The old solution and the Dell-on-Dell solution are described in Section 4 and Section 5. Finally, measured performance improvements are shown in Section 6. Dells Supply Chain Management The sheer number of transactions and pieces of information that the supply chain management system needs to handle is impressive. Each of the core components of the supply chain management (SCM) system are heavily used and relied on to keep Dells operations running smoothly. Configuration Management: The Configuration Management system manages over 1 million Dell part numbers across approximately 200 product families, and over 2 million Bills of Materials (BOMs) per year. BOMs listing component part numbers are created for manufacturing to build assemblies and sub-assemblies to produce Dells products. Procurement: The Procurement system manages nearly 1.8 million Purchase Order lines per year, from more than 5,000 suppliers worldwide. To streamline the procurement process Dell uses an automated application which includes workflow approvals and vendor communication, and provides for services such as defective part warranty replacement. Cost: The Cost component of the system runs mostly in batch mode to calculate the costs to Dell for all Bills of Materials. These batch jobs run weekly, monthly and quarterly, with each run rolling up total material costs. Inventory: Between all sites there are more than 3 million inventory movements daily from stock rooms to the factory floor. A corresponding 3 million messages are transmitted to various systems for reporting, analysis and factory scheduling. Accounts Payable: Accounts Payable handles approximately 15,000 items per day including payments to Dell suppliers, invoices and receipts. Vendor information includes number, location, negotiated terms and contact information. On top of these order-related transactions, there are several batch process jobs that need to be run to rollup data every week, month or quarter. The longest of these, the end-of-quarter (EOQ) rollup, took 31 hours under the Unix-based solution. In Dells Americas region the SCM Oracle database application consists of approximately 3,000 database objects (functions, packages, procedures, triggers, tables, and views). The same SCM system is also supported by 6 Dell PowerEdge 2650 application servers, 5 internally developed web-based applications, more than 50 system-to-system integrations, approximately 125 batch jobs, and about 500 user interfaces deployed to support the entire SCM application. Dells Supply Chain Management (SCM) System allows customers to make their own orders. This feature involves the customer directly and cuts down costs for Dell salesmen salaries at the same time. Furthermore, Dells SCM system allows customers to build up their own computer systems with all provided options. Thus, customers will be forced to review all the available options along with adding components and parts they might not have thought of adding initially. When customers can review all of the possible options at their own pace, without direct sales pressure from a salesperson, Dells can benefit from additional component sales. Dell is also striving on establishing good communication and better customer service. The company now is providing easy access to support through its web site. Customers can find answers to frequent/common problems without the need of Dells technical assistants which helps the company to reduce its payroll costs. Dell also provides other opportunities like online chat, email and phone to make it easier for customers to contact the companys customer service for enquiries and to solve problems that are not mentioned in the website. Dell uses chat groups and users groups to keep customers involved with the company, which help to retain customers for future components sales from satisfied customers. Dell has established a web site that provides wide information options for its customers. In order to make it easier to its customers, The company has splitted the home page into a number of main customer groups; 1- Home Home Office, 2- Small Business, 3- Medium and Large Business and 4- Government, Education Healthcare. (Dells Website Flowchart I made illustrates this perfectly.) In each group, customers will find particular products and services that are suitable to their usage. Classifying the website shows that Dell realizes each customer groups needs and saves consumers time by displaying the products and services that concern them only. Dell also devoted a particular division for customer service and support on its website, which shows the companys high priority to customer satisfaction. Dell has provided Service Support group and its duplicated in all customer group pages. Dell makes it possible for the customer to do a significant amount of research on their own. The website contains a large deal of information that will address their needs and answer most of their enquiries and questions. Dells customer support and service field is greater than its competition in comparison to other companies (Dell.com). Recommendation: Industry advisory firm, Technology Business Research (TBR), issued a report on support satisfaction among corporate buyers and has indicated that Dells satisfaction ratings have slipped to 80.98, down from 83.4 in the third quarter of 2003. TBR questions buyers on eight aspects of support, including their overall satisfaction with a companys support service, and assigns each one a weighted score for a total of 100 possible points. Although Dell still topped rivals HP and IBM in the TBR survey, its score was the lowest seen since the research firm began tracking Dells satisfaction levels in the first quarter of 2001. According to the TBR report, IBM outscored Dell in the fourth quarter of 2003 based on product design/features and long-term durability. From polling customers that have switched from Dell to IBM, customers stated that their reasons for changing companies were product performance, pricing and support. Although Dell has maintained its strong leadership posi tion in the fourth quarter of 2003, Dell needs to address their customer loyalty and keep customers from changing companies. As a result of these polls, Dell is working toward reversing the declining customer satisfaction trend and to return to the industry leader in the area of customer service. Dell is aware that the PC business is becoming increasingly commoditized, marked by similarly equipped machines and price erosion. By cutting out the middleman, Dell believes it has established a closer relationship with its customers. One way to stand out from the crowd is to appeal to existing and new customers by offering better service and support than competitors (4Q03). Although US consumers have condemned Dell in some fields, Dell is still doing extremely well in other countries. According to Technology Business Research (TBR) reports report in September 2003, the France Customer Satisfaction Study determined Dell is the No. 1 ranked desktop and notebook vendor in France and is tied No. 1 server vendor. Dell was significantly ranked higher than other vendors within most notebook categories in loyalty and satisfaction. Moreover, customers in France consider that Dell provides excellent long-term durability hardware. Dells General Manager in France, Thierry Labbe stated These results, and recent strong market share gains in France, show this is starting to pay off. We will however, constantly drive value up and prices down, and focus on providing a great customer experience, giving customers plenty of reason to continue choosing Dell (Customer Satisfaction in France).

1950-1960 Essay -- Essays Papers

1950-1960 During the 1950's, the United States experienced great change with the end of World War II, making it difficult to label the busy decade. America was the most powerful nation in the world and it was a time of complacency. The United States accepted two new states, Hawaii and Alaska (www.fifties.com). The science world boomed with new inventions; televisions broadcast nationally; rock n' roll was popular; commercial hotel and fast food chains became common; the car industry exploded; vaccinations for measles and polio were discovered; and birth control pills were introduced (Layman VII). Another event in the 1950’s was the ratification of the 21st Amendment, which limited presidents to two terms in office. The 1950's "baby boom" was also an affect from World War II. The American population increased 19% throughout the 1950's. One-third of Americans was under the age of fifteen (Layman 262). Another issue for the United States in 1950 was the Civil Rights movement. There was one court case that changed history forever. On May 17, 1954 in Topeka, Kansas, a black third grade girl, Linda Brown, was denied admission to a school that was for white children. Schools stigmatized black children, thereby denying them the equal protection guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. The court finally agreed with Linda’s father and Thurgood Marshall. The United Sates was modernizing, however, discrimination was still a large problem (www.fifties.com). If American was a growing society, it was also a society on the move. Life was progressively getting faster. Drive-in business and shopping malls were convenient. Mass culture brought material wealth to America, but many wondered at what cost. Poorer citizens were ignored, and the work et... ...ed States was once again beginning to modernize and grow. This not only affected American attitude, but it affected art and literature throughout the world. WORKS CITED Berman, David. "Pop Art: An analysis of English and American Styles." (www.st.townson.edu/~dberma2/). Candace. "Index Fifties Web". March 15, 2001 (www.fiftiesweb.com). Ginsberg, Allen. "America." The American Tradition in Literature. Vol. 2. Ed. Perkins, George and Barbara. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 1795. Hughes, Langston. "Feet Live Their Own Life." The American Tradition in Literature. Ed. Perkins, George and Barbara. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 1604. IDA (15) University of Dayton Annual Reports. "Annual Reports of the President 1950." Layman, Richard. American Decades: 1950-1959. Detroit: Gale, 1994. Wehrle, William O. A History of the University of Dayton. Dayton, 1962.

Position Paper 1 :: essays research papers

Quarter 1 Position paper 1 The people who came to America were only considered losers by the narrow minded thinking of European countries. The hardest time during colonization was when the colonists stuck to the European ideas and were governed by the mother countries . American society had and continues to have the most success by using there own ideas and building an independent society. The so called losers who moved to America were only losers by the narrow minded ideals of the old world countries. The pilgrims had to leave England or face arrest for following there religious beliefs they where considered outcasts in England not because what they were doing was wrong but because it was different. Puritans and Quakers also faced similar persecution for there beliefs. However religious reasons were not the only ones for moving to America some people left because of political unrest, many people left because of the autocratic rule of Charles I. After Charles defeat many of his followers left to go to the new world. The people who left England and other countries to journey to the new world weren’t necessarily losers but still out casts of there societies. (An Outline of American History pp.1-2) The unrest and problems created during the colonial period were a result of the lack of English governing of the colonies even though there rule prevented the formation of local governments. Although true power over the colonies laid in the hands of the English king and parliament they were to distracted to pay attention to what went on in the colonies leaving power in the hands of local men who were perceived to be powerful because of there social status. When England stepped in and tried to apply strict mercantilism to govern the colonies discontent grew and led to the revolution.(AR pp. 128-184) American prosperity grew from the abandonment of the old ideas and the beginning of a new country. The problems escalated until violence broke out on April 19, 1775. After the Americans won the revolutionary war and severed ties with England the leaders of America began to build a new government.

Iliad :: essays papers

Iliad Achilles’ Anger and Unreconciliation: Reassessing the Concepts of Mortality and Honor The subject of Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad, is very clearly stated--it is â€Å"the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles.† The reader remains continually aware of the extent of Achilles’ rage, yet is never told the reason why Achilles remains angry and unreconciled. There is no definitive answer to this question. Achilles is not a static character. He is constantly changing; thus the question of why he remains angry solicits different answers at various stages throughout the poem. To find an answer, the reader must carefully examine Achilles’ ever-changing dilemma involving the concepts of mortality and honor. At its simplest, Achilles’ dilemma is that if he goes to war, he will die. But he will die with glory. Achilles’ true nature is that of a warrior. The son of Peleus must fight. When he denounces Agamemnon and the Achaeans, he does not go home. His ship is last in line, near Troy. Subconsciously, he has already made the choice of accepting a short life filled with glory. Subconsciously, he wants to go back to war. He needs to. However, he also needs to insure his possession of glory and honor. But what kind of glory, what kind of honor? He already possesses the honor of the gods. He says, â€Å"my honor lies in the great decree of Zeus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IX.741.p.272). By book IX, material wealth is no longer what Achilles wants. He spurns Agamemnon’s offers. The typical mortal concepts of heroism no longer concern him; his ideals differ from those of his peers. Phoenix’s Meleager is no example to him. However, at this point Achilles still does not know what he wants. Pride and stubbornness still supplement his rage, but now his anger appears to be a manifest ation of his fear and confusion—â€Å"Stop confusing my fixed resolve with this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IX.745-746.p.272). Achilles knows that he wants honor and glory, but in what form? What Achilles does know, and what he must deal with, is the fact that his life will be short if he chooses to have honor and glory. Thus, the choices he makes concerning his honor are crucial. At this point his life is riding on the decision he makes. It is inevitable that Achilles will choose door #2--to go to war, live a short life, and have much glory.

Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide

Unit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t includeEnd of hunting-gathering societies2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized byA rough social equality3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans areCopper4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by theirKnowledge of agriculture5. Characteristics of complex civilizationsSpecialization of laborTrade and cultural diffusionWritten languagesComplex political order and power6. Evidence proves that the MesopotamiansTraded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, & India7. Major effect of Neolithic RevolutionThe establishment of sedentary village communities8. Conditions for women in MesopotamiaGrew increasingly worse over time9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible byRise in agricultural production10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of theHebr ews11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped byThe social standing of the accused2. The Hittites who were the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia are credited forHorse-drawn chariotsMetallurgyMigrating from southern RussiaDefeating the Babylonians13. The society who began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after deathEgypt14. Which metal was most important in transforming agricultural societies into large urban civilizations?Iron15. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity?Egypt16. In tribes which, as early as 3000 BCE, began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were theBantu17. The Chinese philosophy that promoted strict social and political control was* Legalism18. Social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were* Less pronounced than in Neolithic19. By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by* Indo-Europeans20. The Bantu probably began their migrations because of* Population pressures21. Much of the early Harappan history remains a mystery because* The archeological remains are under water22. The biggest military advantages of the Indo-Europeans was* Their horses23. Most of our information about the early Aryans comes from the* Vedas24. Correct groupings of early societies and their rivers* Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates; Egypt – Nile; Harappan – Indus; China – Huang He25. Harappan society* Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets* They traded extensively with the Mesopotamians* They had social distinctionsThey produced representational art 26. Group that retained much more influence on family structure in China than in other early civilizations* The extended family27. The Chinese concept of the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† was sometimes used to justify* Rebellion28. Early China enjoyed lasting direct long-distance trade with* None29. Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because* It was associated with rain & agriculture30. The most characteristic artistic creation of the Olmecs were* Colossal human heads sculpted with basalt31. The Aryans affected the Indian sub-continent by A common written language* Adding race to the caste system* Establishing the Silk Road trade* Advanced use of technology32. Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians?* Zero33. The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is* Land34. This passage from the Upanishads explain what Hindu concept? â€Å"According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil. †* Karma35. Which early Mesopotamian ruler believed that the gods had chosen to â€Å"promote the welfare of the people†¦ (and) to cause justice to prevail in the land†?* Hammurabi36. During the time of the Aryans the Indian political landscape was characterized by* A series of small kingdoms37. Contributions of the River Valley Civilizations* Metallurgy in agriculture, welfare and art* The wagon wheel* Written forms of communication* The calendar and the 60-second minute38. What two River Valley civilizations are most alike as far as their use of regionalism and the decentralization of political power?* Olmec and Chavin39. Confucian social order* Loyalty to the ruler* Filial obedience to one’s father* Respect of younger brother to older brother* Respect of husband to wife40. Women were important contributors to the agricultural revolut ion because they were likely the* Gender who gathered edible plants and grew various grains41. Shang and Zhou China originated the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† primarily* As a way to demonstrate the divinity of the emperor42. The government structures of early Mesopotamia and Egypt* In both civilizations power was concentrated in the hands of a king who was considered a god43. The Chinese copied their chariots from* The steppe nomads44. The Period of Warring States refers to the * Chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty 45. The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the ancestors of the Turks and Mongols in the steppes and received what in return?* Horses46. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism?* Emphasis on harmony between humanity47. Which of the following describes the major effect of Bantu migrations?* Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa48. Confucius argued that* Educations is essential to becoming a refined gentleman49. The device the ancient Olmec build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands* Terraces50. The proper order from top to bottom of the original Aryan caste system?* Priests, warriors, farmers/merchants, laborers, polluted laborers51. One key role of the caste system which was unlike other systems of social inequality in the ancient world was that the caste system* Served to maintain order and stability as political systems did in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China52. What p urpose do scholars believe paleolithic Venus figurines served? The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility necessary for the generation of the new life 53. A key geographic difference between ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Harappan, and Chinese society was thatEgypt and China were more isolated and therefore protected by their environment than there were the Mesopotamians or Harappans54. Olmec and Mesopotamian political traditions are an example of* Decentralized monarchy55. Because of the immense size of the Zhou state, its emperors were forced to* Institute a feudal system of the governmentUnit Two1. An important reason for the fall of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires was * Intensified invasions and security issues along their frontiers 2. Before 500 C. E. Judaism and Hinduism were similar in that both * Had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by 3. In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the * Mesopotamians 4. The Medes and Persians were originally * Indo-European tribes 5. The classic Persian governmental approach was * An enlightened an tolerant one 6. The Persian legal code was designed to * Codify laws of the subject peoples 7. The center of the Persian communications network was * The Royal Road 8. Basic tenets of Zoroastrianism that influenced later religions * The belief in heaven and hell * The encouragement of high moral standards * The doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment * The belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny 9. The Qin and Han dynasties * Went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity 10. Confucian terms * Ren – benevolence * Xiao – filial piety * Dao – way * Junzi – superior individuals 11. The philosophy that criticized the social activism, and instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was * Daoism 12. What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of Warring States? * Legalism 13. Qin Shihuangdi’s most important contribute to China was * Establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule 14. The Han philosophy of rule was * A contribution of Qin policies of centralizations 15. In 124 B. C. E. , Han Wudi transformed China by * Establishing an imperial university 16. Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? * Admonitions for Women 17. As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, * The gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large 18. The Indian political scene changed dramatically in 520 B. C. E. when new administrative techniques were introduced after the invasion of the * Persians 19. The rock and pillar edicts were issued by Ashoka 20. One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the ruler’s decision to * Debase the currency 21. Politically, the Guptas * Left local government and administration in the hands of their allies 22. The success and timing of trade, through the Indian Ocean basin, largely depended on * Understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds 23. One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was * The rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati 24. The greatest social contribution of the Jains was The fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste 25. When Krishna tells Arjuna, in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"Having regards to your own duty, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle,† he is referring to what Hindu principle? * Dharma 26. The political structure of the ancient Greeks * Usually considered of independent, autonomous city-states 27. The Greeks used the word polis to refer to the * The city-state 28. Athenian democracy was open to * All Athenian citizens 29. Events that occurred during the time of Pericles * Athenian democracy reached its high point Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis * Athenian expansion and arrogance helped spark the Peloponnesian War * Athens underwent a massive building program 30. Affects that came about because of Greek colonization * An increase in the size and diversity of trade * The spread of Greek language and cultural traditions * A quickening of the tempo of social life * Increased contact with other societies 31. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution * Incidence of disease increased * Widening gender differences * Rapid increase in human population * Increase in reliable food supply 32. In The Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be * Philosopher kings 33. The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was * Generous with potential for citizenship 34. The Roman policy of toleration and respect for conquered peoples was most similar to the * Persians 35. The land route of the silk roads ran from the Han capital of _____________ to the Mediterranean port of _____________. * Chang’an; Antioch 36. Latifundia were * Enormous plantations worked by slaves 37. After naming himself dictator in 46 B. C. E. Julius Caesar * Launched large-scale building projects in Rome Extended Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces * Appointed some Gauls to the Roman senate * Seized the land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans 38. The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as paxromana in which caused * Common coinage * Common language * Greco-Roman art * Stoicism 39. Foundations of Roman Law * The principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty * The notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court or law * The ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable 40. The information that Zhang Qian brought back encouraged Han Wudi to destroy the Xiongnu and lay out the foundations for the * Silk roads 41. The fact that by the first century C. E. southeast Asian kings called themselves rajas shows how they were influenced by the * Indians 42. By around the year 600 C. E. , the ravages of epidemic diseases had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations decrease by * At least a quarter 43. In the year 184 C. E. , peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the * Yellow Turban rebellion 44. With the collapse in political order after the fall of the Han Empire, * Daoism and Buddhism became much more popular 45. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts by * Dio Cletian 46. The social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Did not exist as they did in pervious times 47. After the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire, imperial authority survived for another thousand years in the * Byzantine Empire 48. Major effect of Bantu migrations * Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan AfricaUnit 3: Part I1. Agricultural production increased throughout medieval Europe mainly esult of a * A heavier plow * Water and wind powered mills 2. Arabic conquests of Mesopotamia and Persia influenced the women in the Islamic world by making * Society more patriarchal 3. Characteristics of the medieval period of Europe * Political order through feudalism * Economic order through manorialism * Religious order through Church * Expanded trade and education 4. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. to 1450 C. E. resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? * Technological and scientific concepts such as decimal and zero 5. Foot binding is probably the best example of * The increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society 6. During the Tang and Song periods, the imperial â€Å"examination system† * Expanded and filled posts based on intellectual ability and merit 7. When comparing northern and southern India during the postclassical era, it can be stated that * The south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did 8. The success of the Byzantine â€Å"theme system† was most dependent upon * Promoting rural agriculture with few imperial restrictions 9. Islam became very popular in India and within different segments of Hindu society because * It emphasized equality and it was less exclusionary than Hinduism 10. The term â€Å"samurai† describes men in feudal Japan who were most like these men in Europe * Knights 11. Gender relations up to 1000 C. E. * In some societies, women enjoyed more rights than in others 12. The impact of commercial trade during this period * Technology, crops and religious ideology spread from China in the east to Europe in the west while also connecting India, the Middle East and Africa’s Swahili coast 13. Constantinople Was constructed by Constantine * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid Empire in Persia * Was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube 14. The items Marco Polo encountered at Kublai Khan’s court and described to Europeans * Paper money * Food stocks – noodles * â€Å"Black stones† – coal * Gunpowder 15. Middle Eastern trade in the period between 1000 to 1400 * A unified Islamic Empire which eliminated tariffs and encouraged trade 16. Justinian’s most significant long-term accomplishment * He regulated and established a new uniform legal code for his empire 17. Comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000 – 1300 * Western Europe developed multiple monarchies while China maintained a single empire 18. After the fall of Rome, the only real institutions of learning in Western Europe were the * Christian monasteries 19. Hagia Sophia was * The magnificent church at Constantinople 20. Major public work that was first constructed by emperor Yangdi during the Sui Dynasty in China * The Grand Canal 21. A result of the Viking raids on Europe from the 8th to the 10th centuries was that * Europeans organized into feudalistic societies for protection 22. In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople * Mutually excommunicated each other 23. Charlemagne * He expanded the Frankish territory * He supported education and literacy * He instituted the missi dominci * He established his capital in Aachen 24. Guilds during the Late Medieval period Admitted women as members 25. Relationships between Islam and the influence it received from other cultures * India – mathematics & economics * Persia – literacy works & politics * Greece – philosophy & medicine * China – paper, cotton & silk 26. The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of * Mathematics 27. Major result of the Christian Crusades * Europeans were introduced to new technology, trade and cultural exchanges 28. Common feature of most Middle Eastern, Asian and European societies during the period of 1000 to 1450 * A close association with religion 29. The most striking difference between the Tang and the Song dynasties affecting their survival was * The differing ways they chose to deal with nomads on their frontiers 30. The two major sources of stability during the Medieval period of Europe * Feudalism and the Catholic church 31. In regard to political structure, postclassical India * Developed no single centralized imperial authority 32. An invasion in 451 C. E. , by the White Huns, began the collapse of the * Gupta dynasty 33. In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the * Umayyad dynasty 34. The most important new crop introduced to China during the Tang and Song periods was * Fast-ripening rice 35. The primary difference between Shiite Muslims and Sunni Muslims is a disagreement over * The leadership of the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death 36. The Indian ruler Harsha was known for * His Buddhist faith and his benevolent treatment of his subjects 37. Legacy of the Vikings during the medieval period * Feudalism * Exploration * Warfare * Shipping technology 38. The Abbasid Dynasty differed from the Umayyad Dynasty in that * It was not a conquering dynasty 39. The Delhi sultans were Never able to expand their control beyond northern India 40. The Crusades by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by * Efforts to unite religious power and retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Lands 41. An example of interaction among Indian, Arab and European societies by 1200 was the transfer of * Numerals and decimal system 42. The Tang planned to avoid the concentration of land by the wealthy by implementing the * New economic planning system 43. Zheng He was * The Chinese admiral who made seven journeys of exploration 44. Hindu temples Played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India 45. Major reason for the rapid expansion of Islam during the 7th & 8th centuries * The advanced military technology of the Islam forces 46. India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of * Its central locations in the Indian Ocean basin 47. Achievements of the Early Middle Ages * A restoration of political order through a feudal system * Some economic recovery because of agricultural advancement * The creation of an institutional framework for the Christian church based in Rome 48. The adoption of the Neo-Confucianism by the Ming dynasty during the 14th century was primarily motivated by the * Need for competent government administrators 49. The Byzantine Empire achieved * The conversion of many Slavic peoples to Christianity 50. Islamic & Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 – 1200 C. E. ) shared a characteristic of * Extensive urbanization & maritime trade 51. Most important effect of Islamic expansion on the civilizations of medieval Europe * The transmittal of Greek & Arab learning 52. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism both * Were outgrowths of other religions * Were aided in their spread by the trade networks * Developed monastic orders * Venerated people of high spiritual merit 53. In medieval society, political power was vested in * Local authorities 54. The most important relationship in feudalism was between * Lord and retainerUnit 3: Part 21. The largest empire of all time was created by the * Mongols 2. The Inca quipu was * A record keeping device consisting of small cords with knots 3. The political power of the khans was based on Indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes 4. In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan * Formed new military units with no tribal affiliations 5. Who made a famous pilgrimage to Meca in 1324 – 1325? * Mansa Musa 6. Khubilal Khan’s military and imperial pursuits * Had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan 7. Ethiopian Christianity * Retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs 8. The Mongols brought greater integration among Eurasian peoples by * Increased trade * Resettlement of conquered peoples Diplomatic missions 9. Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth century collapse of the * Yuan dynasty 10. The introduction of a new crop about 400 C. E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? * Bananas 11. The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was * Portugal 12. By the middle of the first millennium B. C. E. , the Bantu had begun to produce * Iron 13. The late fourteenth century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolla, was * Tamerlane 14. One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was * The domestication of the camel 15. By the tenth century C. E. , the kings of Ghana had converted to * Islam 16. Foundations of Mali’s power * Control over trans-Saharan trade * A strong cavalry * A series of powerful kings 17. During the period of Mongol domination, * Long-distance trade became much less risky 18. In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire * Had no elaborate bureaucracy 19. Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on * Indian Ocean trade 20. The Ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1200s * After the government issued paper money 21. Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa, * Slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth 22. Historians estimate that between 750 and 1500 C. E. , the number of slaves transported north as part of the trans-Saharan slave was * Ten million 23. In the five centuries after the year 1000 C. E. , the peoples of the eastern hemisphere * Traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before 24. By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European’s played dominant roles except * Australia 25. Khubilal Khan employed Marco Polo in administrative posts * Because he did not entirely trust his Chinese subjects 26. When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols in an alliance against the Muslims, * The khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed 27. Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because * His religious and legal training allowed him to serve as qadi 28. Product that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction * Silk 29. The North American Indian societies * Possessed no form of writing 30. Common results of a bubonic plague * A decline in trade * A decline in population * Peasant rebellions caused by efforts to freeze wages 31. The Yongle Encyclopedia * Represented the Ming rulers’ interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions 32. Central to the Renaissance thought beginning in northern Italy was * A fascination with the ancient world 33. Mali became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of * Its control of the gold trade 34. Humanist moral philosophers believed that * People could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world 35. Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population * Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism 36. In regard to exploration, Prince Henry was to Portugal what _________ was to China. * Wan Li 37. The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because * Of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion 38. The chinampa system refers to * The Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom 39. In regard to gender issues in sub-Saharan Africa, Women had more opportunities open to them than did their counterparts in other societies 40. Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by * A council made up of the most successful warriors 41. A Mexica woman who died in childbirth * Won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle 42. The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice * As an essential ritual to ensure the world’s survival 43. North American societies * Developed on a relatively small scale 44. In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies * Governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups 45. The Inca imposed order By taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes 46. Hallmark of Hongwu’s rule * The reestablishment of Confucian education * Extensive use of the civil service system * The reestablishment of the civil service system 47. The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines * Did not diffuse much beyond their own regions 48. During the early modern era, which of the following non-European peoples explored the Indian Ocean? * Chinese 49. In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was * A publicly recognized group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity 50. Main inspirations for European exploration * The desire to conquer China and India 51. The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries * Facilitated greater cross-cultural communication and integration 52. Reasons for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route * The spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous * The high prices charged by Muslim merchants * The demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger 53. The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when * The Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces 54. Chinese inventions * Sternpost rudder and magnetic compass 55. The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of * Pepper and cinnamon 56. The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to * Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties 57. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because * It was a small country with a small population 58. Advantages that the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese * They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships * They created joint-stock companies * They were wealthier countries 59. The Dutch policy in Indonesia was * To control the production of spices 60. The country that finished the Seven Years’ War with global hegemony was * England 61. In the long term, the Columbian exchange * Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops 62. From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of * Enslaved Africans

Determination of a Rate Law Lab Report

Determination of a Rate Law Megan Gilleland 10. 11. 2012 Dr. Charles J. Horn Abstract: This two part experiment is designed to determine the rate law of the following reaction, 2I-(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+I2(aq) + 2H2O(L), and to then determine if a change in temperature has an effect on that rate of this reaction. It was found that the reaction rate=k[I-]^1[H2O2+]^1, and the experimental activation energy is 60. 62 KJ/mol. Introduction The rate of a chemical reaction often depends on reactant concentrations, temperature, and if there’s presence of a catalyst.The rate of reaction for this experiment can be determined by analyzing the amount of iodine (I2) formed. Two chemical reactions are useful to determining the amount of iodine is produced. 1) I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq) 2I-(aq)+S4O62-(aq) 2) I2(aq) + starch Reaction 2 is used only to determine when the production of iodine is occurring by turning a clear colorless solution to a blue color. Without this reaction it would be very diff icult to determine how much iodine is being produced, due to how quickly thiosulfate and iodine react. Related article: Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced Lab AnswersHowever this reaction does not determine the amount of iodine produced, it only determines when/if iodine is present in solution. Reaction 1 is used to determine how much iodine is produced. To understand how the rate constant (k) is temperature dependent, another set of data is recorded in week two’s experiment using six trials and three different temperatures(two trials per temperature change). Using the graph of this data we determine the energy required to bend of stretch the reactant molecules to the point where bonds can break or form, and then assemble products (Activation Energy, Ea).Methods To perform the experiment for week 1, we first prepare two solutions, A and B, as shown in the data. After preparing the mixtures, we mix them together in a flask and carefully observe the solution, while timing, to see how long it takes for the solution to change from clear to blue. We use this method for all 5 trials, and record the time it takes to change color, indicating the reaction has taken place fully. This data is used to find p (trials1-3) and q (trials3-5), to use in our rate law. This experiment concluded that both p and q are first order.The rate constant average of all five trials is used as just one point on the Arrhenius Plot. In week 2, we perform the experiment to test the relation of temperature to the rate of reaction. We start by again, preparing six solutions. We prepared two trials/solutions at 0 degrees Celsius, two and 40 degrees Celsius, and two at 30 degrees Celsius. Again, for each trial we mixed solution A with B, and carefully timed the reaction to look for a color change that indicates the reaction is complete. The interpretation of this data indicated out results of whether temperature has an effect on the rate of this reaction.Results- It is determined that the rate of reaction is dependent on the temperature in which the reaction occurs. The sol utions observed at 40 degrees Celsius reacted at a quicker rate, than those at lesser temperatures, in a linear manor. Data Week 1 Table 1: Solution Concentrations Week 1- Room Temperature trial #| solution A| | | | | Solution B| | | | | | buffer| 0. 3MKI| starch| 0. 02MNa2S2O3| Distilled water| 0. 1MH2O2| time(s)| total volume(mL)| | 1| 5. 01| 2. 0| 0. 4| 5. 0| 21. 68| 6. 0| 585| 40. 01| | | 2| 5. 0| 4. 0| 0. 4| 5. 0| 19. 60| 6. 0| 287| 40. 00| | | 3| 5. 2| 6. 0| 0. 4| 5. 0| 17. 60| 6. 0| 131| 40. 02| | | 4| 5. 0| 6. 0| 0. 4| 5. 0| 13. 62| 10. 0| 114| 40. 02| | | 5| 5. 0| 6. 02| 0. 4| 5. 0| 9. 60| 14. 0| 80| 40. 02| | | Calculations Week 1 1. Find the moles of S2O3-2 Take the value from NaS2O3 *(0. 2)/1000 (5)*(0. 2)/1000= 0. 001 mol of S2O32- 2. Find moles of I2 Take S2O32- /2 (0. 001)/2=0. 0005mol 3. Find I2 Mol I2*1000/vol mL (0. 0005)*1000/40)= 0. 000799885 mol 4. Find the rate of change Take (I2)/ (seconds) (0. 000799885)/(585)= 1. 36732Ãâ€"10-6 M/s 5. Find [I-]0 (0. 300 M KI )*(2. 00mL)/( the final volume)=0. 015 M 6.Find the Ln of [I-]0 Ln(0. 015)=-4. 19970508 7. Find [H2O2]0 Take (0. 10 M H2O2)*(6. 00mL)/ ( final volume)=0. 015 M 8. Ln of [H2O2]0 Ln(0. 015)= -4. 19970508 9. Find the Ln of rate: Ln(2. 13675Ãâ€"10-5)=-10. 753638 10. The last step for week one calculations is to calculate the average value of k. Rate= k [I-]1[H2O2]. (2. 13675*10-5 ) = k [0. 015] [0. 015] then solve for k. For this trial, k=0. 09497. This is then done for all trials. Then, once all five values of k are found, the average is taken by adding all five values of k and dividing by 5. The experimental k average is 0. 05894M/s. Table 2: Calculations Week 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | solution#| mol s2O3-2| mol I2| I2| (rate) changeI2/change in temp| [I-]o| ln[I-]o| [H2O2]0| ln[H2O2]o| ln rate| k | | 1| 0. 001| 0. 0005| 0. 0125| 2. 13675E-05| 0. 015| -4. 19970| 0. 015| -4. 19971| -10. 753| 0. 0949| | 2| 0. 001| 0. 0005| 0. 0125| 4. 3554E-05| 0. 030| -3. 50655| 0. 015| -4. 19971| -10 . 041| 0. 0967| | 3| 0. 001| 0. 0005| 0. 0125| 9. 54198E-05| 0. 045| -3. 10109| 0. 015| -4. 19971| -9. 2572| 0. 1413| | 4| 0. 001| 0. 0005| 0. 0125| 0. 000109649| 0. 045| -3. 10109| 0. 025| -3. 68888| -9. 1182| 0. 974| | 5| 0. 001| 0. 0005| 0. 0125| 0. 00015625| 0. 045| -3. 09776| 0. 035| -3. 35241| -8. 7640| 0. 0988| | | | | | | | | | | k avg| 0. 1059| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Data Week 2 Table 3: Solution Concentrations Week 2- Varied Temperatures trial #| solution A| | | | | Solution B| | | Temp(C)| | | buffer| 0. 3MKI| starch| 0. 02MNa2S2O3| Distilled water| 0. 1MH2O2| time(s)| total volume (mL)| | 1| 5. 00| 6. 01| 0. 42| 5. 00| 13. 60| 10. 00| 692| 40. 03| 1. 0| | 2| 5. 00| 6. 00| 0. 40| 5. 00| 9. 60| 14. 00| 522| 40. 00| 1. 0| | 3| 5. 00| 2. 00| 0. 40| 5. 02| 21. 0| 6. 00| 152| 40. 02| 40. 0| | 4| 5. 00| 4. 00| 0. 40| 5. 02| 19. 60| 6. 00| 97| 40. 02| 40. 0| | 5| 5. 00| 6. 00| 0. 40| 5. 02| 17. 60| 6. 00| 110| 40. 02| 30. 0| | 6| 5. 00| 4. 00| 0. 40| 5. 00| 19. 60| 6. 00| 137 | 40. 00| 30. 0| | Calculations Week 2 1) Find amount of I2 moles produced in the main reaction using Volume of Na2SO4 used, stock concentration of Na2SO4 solution, and the Stoichiometry (2mol Na2SO4 to 1 mol I2) for all six trials. Trial 1: (. 005 L Na2SO4)(. 02 moles Na2SO4/1. 0L)(1 mol I2/2 mol Na2SO4)= . 00005 mol I2 Use this method for all six trials ) Find the reaction rate using moles of I2 produced, measured time in seconds, and Volume of total solution for all six trials Trial 1: (. 00005 mol I2/. 0403L)=(. 00124906 mol/L) /(692seconds)= . 00000181mol/L(s) Use this method for all six trials 3) Find the rate constant using the reaction rate, measured volumes used, stock concentrations, and the rate law of the main reaction. Trial 1: K=(. 00000181MOL/L(s))/((. 01 L H2O2)(. 1 M H2O2)/. 0403L total))((. 3MKI)(. 006LKI)/. 0403L total)=. 00107 Use this method for all six trials 4) To graph, we must calculate Ln(k) and 1/Temp(K) for each individual trial.Trial 1: Ln(. 00107)=-6. 8 401 and 1/T = 1/692sec=-. 00365k^-1 Use calculation method 1-4 for all six trials Table 4: Calculations Week 2 solution#| mol I2| Rate (change I/change in time)| K (min-1)| Ln k| Temp (K)| 1/T (k-1)| 1| . 00005| . 00000181| . 00107| -6. 8401| 274| . 00365| 2| . 0000502| . 00000240| . 00152| -6. 48904| 274| . 00365| 3| . 0000502| . 00000825| . 0370| -3. 29684| 313| . 00319| 4| . 0000502| . 0000129| . 0290| -3. 54046| 313| . 00319| 5| . 0000502| . 0000114| . 0171| -4. 06868| 303| . 00330| 6 | . 00005| . 00000912| . 0203| -3. 89713| 303| . 0330| From the graph, we see that the slope is -7291. To Find the Activation Energy we multiply by the rate constant of 8. 314J/mol(K), which equals -60617. 4 J/mol. We then convert this value to kilojoules by dividing by 1000, equaling 60. 62 kJ/mol. Analysis uncertainty- Due to the limit of significant figures in stock solutions used, the resulting data is limited in correctness. Also, temperature fluctuations during the experiment by even a half d egree would obscure the data of the exact rate constant, k. One of our R^2 coefficients for the experiment was in fact greater than 0. , and the other slightly less than 0. 9 meaning the one lesser is not considered a good fit. The deviation in goodness of fit may have been due to our data recording. Discussion- Determination of the rate law and activation energy of a chemical reaction requires a few steps. By varying the concentrations of reactants it was determined that the reaction is first order with respect to both [I-] and [H2O2+]. Measuring the reaction rate at multiple temperatures allows calculation of the activation energy of the process, in this case the activation energy of the reaction is found to be 60. 2 kJ/mol. As you have seen through all the previous data, charts and graphs, this exothermic rate of a reaction is dependent on solution concentrations, a catalyst, and temperature. References 1 Determination of a Rate Law lab document, pages 1-6, Mesa Community College CHM152LL website, www. physci. mc. maricopa. edu/Chemistry/CHM152, accessed 10/9/2012. 2 Temperature Dependence of a Rate Constant lab document, pages 1-3, Mesa Community College CHM152LL website, www. physci. mc. maricopa. edu/Chemistry/CHM152, accessed 10/9/2012.